Barack Obama

Page semi-protected
Listen to this article
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Barack Obama
Obama standing with his arms folded and smiling
44th President of the United States
In office
January 20, 2009 Ã¢â‚¬â€œ January 20, 2017
Vice President Joe Biden
Preceded by George W. Bush
Succeeded by Donald Trump
United States Senator
from Illinois
In office
January 3, 2005 Ã¢â‚¬â€œ November 16, 2008
Preceded by Peter Fitzgerald
Succeeded by Roland Burris
Member of the Illinois Senate
from the 13th district
In office
January 8, 1997 Ã¢â‚¬â€œ November 4, 2004
Preceded by Alice Palmer
Succeeded by Kwame Raoul
Personal details
Born Barack Hussein Obama II
(1961-08-04) August 4, 1961 (age 56)
Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.
Political party Democratic
Spouse(s) Michelle Robinson (m. 1992)
Children
  • Malia
  • Sasha
Parents
Relatives See Family of Barack Obama
Education
Awards Nobel Peace Prize (2009)
Profile in Courage Award (2017)
Signature
Website

Barack Hussein Obama II (/bəˈrɑːk hˈsn ˈbɑːmə/ (About this soundlisten) bə-RAHK hoo-SAYN oh-BAH-mə;[1] born August 4, 1961) is an American politician and attorney who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, Obama was the first African-American president of the United States. He previously served as a U.S. senator from Illinois from 2005 to 2008 and an Illinois state senator from 1997 to 2004.

Obama was born in 1961 in Honolulu, Hawaii, two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state. Raised largely in Hawaii, Obama also spent one year of his childhood in Washington State and four years in Indonesia. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago. In 1988 Obama enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. After graduation, he became a civil rights attorney and professor, and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. Obama represented the 13th District for three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, when he ran for the U.S. Senate. Obama received national attention in 2004, with his unexpected March primary win, his well-received July Democratic National Convention keynote address, and his landslide November election to the Senate. In 2008, Obama was nominated for president, a year after his campaign began, and after a close primary campaign against Hillary Clinton. He was elected over Republican John McCain, and was inaugurated on January 20, 2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate.

During his first two years in office, Obama signed many landmark bills. Main reforms were the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (often referred to as "Obamacare", shortened as the "Affordable Care Act", or abbreviated as the ACA), the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, and the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 served as economic stimulus amidst the Great Recession, but the GOP regained control of the House of Representatives in 2011. After a lengthy debate over the national debt limit, Obama signed the Budget Control and the American Taxpayer Relief Acts. In foreign policy, Obama increased U.S. troop levels in Afghanistan, reduced nuclear weapons with the United States–Russia New START treaty, and ended military involvement in the Iraq War. He ordered military involvement in Libya in opposition to Muammar Gaddafi, and the military operation that resulted in the death of Osama bin Laden.

After winning re-election by defeating Republican opponent Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a second term in 2013. During his second term, Obama promoted inclusiveness for LGBT Americans, with his administration filing briefs that urged the Supreme Court to strike down same-sex marriage bans as unconstitutional (United States v. Windsor and Obergefell v. Hodges). Obama advocated for gun control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning climate change and immigration. In foreign policy, Obama ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, continued the process of ending U.S. combat operations in Afghanistan, promoted discussions that led to the 2015 Paris Agreement on global climate change, initiated sanctions against Russia following the invasion in Ukraine and again after Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, brokered a nuclear deal with Iran, and normalized U.S. relations with Cuba. Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating. He currently resides in Washington, D.C. His presidential library will be built in Chicago.

Early life and career

Obama was born on August 4, 1961,[2] at Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital in Honolulu, Hawaii.[3][4][5] He is the first President to have been born in Hawaii,[6] making him the first President born outside of the contiguous 48 states.[7] He was born to a white mother and a black father. His mother, Ann Dunham (1942–1995), was born in Wichita, Kansas, of mostly English descent,[8] with some German, Irish, Scottish, Swiss, and Welsh ancestry.[9] His father, Barack Obama Sr. (1936–1982), was a married Luo Kenyan man from Nyang'oma Kogelo. Obama's parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, where his father was a foreign student on scholarship.[10][11] The couple married in Wailuku, Hawaii on February 2, 1961, six months before Obama was born.[12][13]

In late August 1961, Obama's mother moved with him to the University of Washington in Seattle for a year. During that time, Obama Sr. completed his undergraduate degree in economics in Hawaii in June 1962, then left to attend graduate school on a scholarship at Harvard University, where he earned an M.A. in economics. Obama's parents divorced in March 1964.[14] Obama Sr. returned to Kenya in 1964, where he married for a third time. He visited his son in Hawaii only once, at Christmas time in 1971,[15] before he was killed in an automobile accident in 1982, when Obama was 21 years old.[16] Of his early childhood, Obama recalled, "That my father looked nothing like the people around me – that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk – barely registered in my mind."[11] He described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage.[17]

In 1963, Dunham met Lolo Soetoro, an Indonesian East–West Center graduate student in geography at the University of Hawaii, and the couple were married on Molokai on March 15, 1965.[18] After two one-year extensions of his J-1 visa, Lolo returned to Indonesia in 1966, followed sixteen months later by his wife and stepson in 1967, with the family initially living in a Menteng Dalam neighborhood in the Tebet subdistrict of south Jakarta, then from 1970 in a wealthier neighborhood in the Menteng subdistrict of central Jakarta.[19]

Education

From age six to ten, Obama attended local Indonesian-language schools: Sekolah Katolik Santo Fransiskus Asisi (St. Francis of Assisi Catholic School) for two years and Sekolah Dasar Negeri Menteng 01 (Besuki Public School) for one and a half years, supplemented by English-language Calvert School homeschooling by his mother.[20][21] During his time in Indonesia, Obama's step-father taught him to be resilient and gave him "a pretty hardheaded assessment of how the world works".[22]

Obama returned to Honolulu in 1971 to live with his maternal grandparents, Madelyn and Stanley Dunham. He attended Punahou School a private college preparatory school with the aid of a scholarship from fifth grade until his graduation from high school in 1979.[23] In his youth, Obama went by the nickname "Barry".[24] Obama lived with his mother and half-sister, Maya Soetoro, in Hawaii for three years from 1972 to 1975 while his mother was a graduate student in anthropology at the University of Hawaii.[25] Obama chose to stay in Hawaii with his grandparents for high school at Punahou when his mother and half-sister returned to Indonesia in 1975 so his mother could begin anthropology field work.[26] His mother spent most of the next two decades in Indonesia, divorcing Lolo in 1980 and earning a PhD degree in 1992, before dying in 1995 in Hawaii following unsuccessful treatment for ovarian cancer and uterine cancer.[27]

Reflecting later on his years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: "The opportunity that Hawaii offered – to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect – became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear."[28] Obama has also written and talked about using alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine during his teenage years to "push questions of who I was out of my mind".[29] Obama was also a member of the "choom gang", a self-named group of friends that spent time together and occasionally smoked marijuana.[30][31]

After graduating from high school in 1979, Obama moved to Los Angeles to attend Occidental College. In February 1981, Obama made his first public speech, calling for Occidental to participate in the disinvestment from South Africa in response to that nation's policy of apartheid.[32] In mid-1981, Obama traveled to Indonesia to visit his mother and half-sister Maya, and visited the families of college friends in Pakistan and India for three weeks.[32] Later in 1981, he transferred as a junior to Columbia University in New York City, where he majored in political science with a specialty in international relations[33] and in English literature[34] and lived off-campus on West 109th Street.[35] He graduated with a BA degree in 1983 and worked for about a year at the Business International Corporation, where he was a financial researcher and writer,[36][37] then as a project coordinator for the New York Public Interest Research Group on the City College of New York campus for three months in 1985.[38][39][40]

Family and personal life

Obama posing in the Green Room of the White House with wife Michelle and daughters Sasha and Malia in 2009

In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity of his extended family: "It's like a little mini-United Nations", he said. "I've got relatives who look like Bernie Mac, and I've got relatives who look like Margaret Thatcher."[41] Obama has a half-sister with whom he was raised (Maya Soetoro-Ng, the daughter of his mother and her Indonesian second husband) and seven half-siblings from his Kenyan father's familyâ€â€six of them living.[42] Obama's mother was survived by her Kansas-born mother, Madelyn Dunham,[43] until her death on November 2, 2008,[44] two days before his election to the Presidency. Obama also has roots in Ireland; he met with his Irish cousins in Moneygall in May 2011.[45] In Dreams from My Father, Obama ties his mother's family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives of Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War.[46]

Obama with Jonathan Toews and the Stanley Cup champion Chicago Blackhawks in 2010

Besides his native English, Obama speaks some basic Indonesian, having learned the language during his four childhood years in Jakarta.[47][48] He plays basketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team;[49] he is left-handed.[50]

Obama about to take a shot while three other players look at him. One of those players attempts to block Obama.
Obama taking a left-handed jump shot during a pick-up game on the White House basketball court, 2009

Obama is a supporter of the Chicago White Sox, and he threw out the first pitch at the 2005 ALCS when he was still a senator.[51] In 2009, he threw out the ceremonial first pitch at the All-Star Game while wearing a White Sox jacket.[52] He is also primarily a Chicago Bears football fan in the NFL, but in his childhood and adolescence was a fan of the Pittsburgh Steelers, and rooted for them ahead of their victory in Super Bowl XLIII 12 days after he took office as President.[53] In 2011, Obama invited the 1985 Chicago Bears to the White House; the team had not visited the White House after their Super Bowl win in 1986 due to the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster.[54]

Obama lived with anthropologist Sheila Miyoshi Jager while he was a community organizer in Chicago in the 1980s.[55] He proposed to her twice, but both Jager and her parents turned him down.[55][56] The relationship was only made public in May 2017, several months after Obama's two-term presidency had ended.[56]

Obama and his wife Michelle at the Civil Rights Summit at the LBJ Presidential Library in 2014

In June 1989, Obama met Michelle Robinson when he was employed as a summer associate at the Chicago law firm of Sidley Austin.[57] Assigned for three months as Obama's adviser at the firm, Robinson joined him at several group social functions, but declined his initial requests to date.[58] They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992.[59] The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born on July 4, 1998,[60] followed by a second daughter, Natasha ("Sasha"), on June 10, 2001.[61] The Obama daughters attended the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools. When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at the Sidwell Friends School.[62] The Obamas have two Portuguese Water Dogs; the first, a male named Bo, was a gift from Senator Ted Kennedy.[63] In August 2013, Bo was joined by Sunny, a female.[64]

Applying the proceeds of a book deal, the family moved in 2005 from a Hyde Park, Chicago condominium to a $1.6 million house in neighboring Kenwood, Chicago.[65] The purchase of an adjacent lotâ€â€and sale of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer, campaign donor and friend Tony Rezkoâ€â€attracted media attention because of Rezko's subsequent indictment and conviction on political corruption charges that were unrelated to Obama.[66]

In December 2007, Money estimated the Obama family's net worth at $1.3 million.[67] Their 2009 tax return showed a household income of $5.5 millionâ€â€up from about $4.2 million in 2007 and $1.6 million in 2005â€â€mostly from sales of his books.[68][69] On his 2010 income of $1.7 million, he gave 14% to non-profit organizations, including $131,000 to Fisher House Foundation, a charity assisting wounded veterans' families, allowing them to reside near where the veteran is receiving medical treatments.[70][71] As per his 2012 financial disclosure, Obama may be worth as much as $10 million.[72]

In reference to Obama's smoking habit, Michelle said in early 2010 that he had quit smoking.[73][74]

On his 55th birthday, August 4, 2016, Obama penned an essay in Glamour describing how his daughters and being president have made him a feminist.[75][76][77]

Religious views

The Obamas worship at African Methodist Episcopal Church in Washington, D.C., January 2013

Obama is a Protestant Christian whose religious views developed in his adult life.[78] He wrote in The Audacity of Hope that he "was not raised in a religious household". He described his mother, raised by non-religious parents, as being detached from religion, yet "in many ways the most spiritually awakened person that I have ever known." He described his father as a "confirmed atheist" by the time his parents met, and his stepfather as "a man who saw religion as not particularly useful." Obama explained how, through working with black churches as a community organizer while in his twenties, he came to understand "the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change."[79]

In January 2008, Obama told Christianity Today: "I am a Christian, and I am a devout Christian. I believe in the redemptive death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. I believe that faith gives me a path to be cleansed of sin and have eternal life."[80] On September 27, 2010, Obama released a statement commenting on his religious views saying "I'm a Christian by choice. My family didn't – frankly, they weren't folks who went to church every week. And my mother was one of the most spiritual people I knew, but she didn't raise me in the church. So I came to my Christian faith later in life, and it was because the precepts of Jesus Christ spoke to me in terms of the kind of life that I would want to lead – being my brothers' and sisters' keeper, treating others as they would treat me."[81][82]

Obama met Trinity United Church of Christ pastor Rev. Jeremiah Wright in October 1987, and became a member of Trinity in 1992.[83] He resigned from Trinity in May 2008 during his first presidential campaign after some of Wright's statements were criticized.[84] The Obama family has attended several Protestant churches since moving to Washington, D.C., in 2009, including Shiloh Baptist Church and St. John's Episcopal Church, as well as Evergreen Chapel at Camp David, but are not habitual church-goers.[85][86][87]

Law career

Community organizer and Harvard Law School

Two years after graduating from Columbia, Obama was hired in Chicago as director of the Developing Communities Project, a church-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes in Roseland, West Pullman, and Riverdale on Chicago's South Side. He worked there as a community organizer from June 1985 to May 1988.[39][88] He helped set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization in Altgeld Gardens.[89] Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, a community organizing institute.[90] In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time in Europe for three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of his paternal relatives for the first time.[91][92]

External video
Derrick Bell threatens to leave Harvard, April 24, 1990, 11:34, Boston TV Digital Archive[93] Student Barack Obama introduces Professor Derrick Bell starting at 6:25

Obama entered Harvard Law School in the fall of 1988, living in nearby Somerville, Massachusetts.[94] He was selected as an editor of the Harvard Law Review at the end of his first year,[95] president of the journal in his second year,[89][96] and research assistant to the constitutional scholar Laurence Tribe while at Harvard for two years.[97] During his summers, he returned to Chicago, where he worked as an associate at the law firms of Sidley Austin in 1989 and Hopkins & Sutter in 1990.[98] After graduating with a JD degree magna cum laude[99] from Harvard in 1991, he returned to Chicago.[95] Obama's election as the first black president of the Harvard Law Review gained national media attention[89][96] and led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations,[100] which evolved into a personal memoir. The manuscript was published in mid-1995 as Dreams from My Father.[100]

Chicago Law School and civil rights attorney

In 1991, Obama accepted a two-year position as Visiting Law and Government Fellow at the University of Chicago Law School to work on his first book.[100][101] He then taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School for twelve years, first as a Lecturer from 1992 to 1996, and then as a Senior Lecturer from 1996 to 2004.[102]

From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois's Project Vote, a voter registration campaign with ten staffers and seven hundred volunteer registrars; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African Americans in the state, leading Crain's Chicago Business to name Obama to its 1993 list of "40 under Forty" powers to be.[103]

He joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a 13-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was an associate for three years from 1993 to 1996, then of counsel from 1996 to 2004. In 1994, he was listed as one of the lawyers in Buycks-Roberson v. Citibank Fed. Sav. Bank, 94 C 4094 (N.D. Ill.).[104] This class action lawsuit was filed in 1994 with Selma Buycks-Roberson as lead plaintiff and alleged that Citibank Federal Savings Bank had engaged in practices forbidden under the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and the Fair Housing Act.[105] The case was settled out of court.[106] Final Judgment was issued on May 13, 1998, with Citibank Federal Savings Bank agreeing to pay attorney fees.[107] His law license became inactive in 2007.[108][109]

From 1994 to 2002, Obama served on the boards of directors of the Woods Fund of Chicago, which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project, and of the Joyce Foundation.[39] He served on the board of directors of the Chicago Annenberg Challenge from 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.[39]

Legislative career

Illinois State Senator (1997–2004)

State Senator Obama and others celebrate the naming of a street in Chicago after ShoreBank co-founder Milton Davis in 1998

Obama was elected to the Illinois Senate in 1996, succeeding Democratic State Senator Alice Palmer from Illinois's 13th District, which, at that time, spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from Hyde Park–Kenwood south to South Shore and west to Chicago Lawn.[110] Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation that reformed ethics and health care laws.[111] He sponsored a law that increased tax credits for low-income workers, negotiated welfare reform, and promoted increased subsidies for childcare.[112] In 2001, as co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican Governor Ryan's payday loan regulations and predatory mortgage lending regulations aimed at averting home foreclosures.[113]

He was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was re-elected again in 2002.[114] In 2000, he lost a Democratic primary race for Illinois's 1st congressional district in the United States House of Representatives to four-term incumbent Bobby Rush by a margin of two to one.[115]

In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority.[116] He sponsored and led unanimous, bipartisan passage of legislation to monitor racial profiling by requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained, and legislation making Illinois the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations.[112][117] During his 2004 general election campaign for the U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enacting death penalty reforms.[118] Obama resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate.[119]

2004 U.S. Senate campaign

County results of the 2004 U.S. Senate race in Illinois. Obama won the counties in blue.

In May 2002, Obama commissioned a poll to assess his prospects in a 2004 U.S. Senate race. He created a campaign committee, began raising funds, and lined up political media consultant David Axelrod by August 2002. Obama formally announced his candidacy in January 2003.[120]

Obama was an early opponent of the George W. Bush administration's 2003 invasion of Iraq.[121] On October 2, 2002, the day President Bush and Congress agreed on the joint resolution authorizing the Iraq War,[122] Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicago anti-Iraq War rally,[123] and spoke out against the war.[124] He addressed another anti-war rally in March 2003 and told the crowd that "it's not too late" to stop the war.[125]

Decisions by Republican incumbent Peter Fitzgerald and his Democratic predecessor Carol Moseley Braun to not participate in the election resulted in wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving fifteen candidates.[126] In the March 2004 primary election, Obama won in an unexpected landslideâ€â€which overnight made him a rising star within the national Democratic Party, started speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir, Dreams from My Father.[127] In July 2004, Obama delivered the keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention,[128] seen by 9.1 million viewers. His speech was well received and elevated his status within the Democratic Party.[129]

Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winner Jack Ryan, withdrew from the race in June 2004.[130] Six weeks later, Alan Keyes accepted the Republican nomination to replace Ryan.[131] In the November 2004 general election, Obama won with 70% of the vote.[132]

U.S. Senator from Illinois (2005–08)

The official portrait of Obama as a member of the United States Senate

Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 3, 2005,[133] becoming the only Senate member of the Congressional Black Caucus.[134] CQ Weekly characterized him as a "loyal Democrat" based on analysis of all Senate votes from 2005 to 2007. Obama announced on November 13, 2008, that he would resign his Senate seat on November 16, 2008, before the start of the lame-duck session, to focus on his transition period for the presidency.[135]

Legislation

Obama cosponsored the Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act.[136] He introduced two initiatives that bore his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded the Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction concept to conventional weapons;[137] and the Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006, which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web search engine on federal spending.[138] On June 3, 2008, Senator Obamaâ€â€along with Senators Tom Carper, Tom Coburn, and John McCainâ€â€introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.[139]

Obama sponsored legislation that would have required nuclear plant owners to notify state and local authorities of radioactive leaks, but the bill failed to pass in the full Senate after being heavily modified in committee.[140] Regarding tort reform, Obama voted for the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 and the FISA Amendments Act of 2008, which grants immunity from civil liability to telecommunications companies complicit with NSA warrantless wiretapping operations.[141]

Gray-haired man and Obama stand, wearing casual polo shirts. Obama wears sunglasses and holds something slung over his right shoulder.
Obama and U.S. Sen. Richard Lugar (R-IN) visit a Russian facility for dismantling mobile missiles (August 2005)[142]

In December 2006, President Bush signed into law the Democratic Republic of the Congo Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.[143] In January 2007, Obama and Senator Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act, which was signed into law in September 2007.[144] Obama also introduced two unsuccessful bills: the Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act to criminalize deceptive practices in federal elections,[145] and the Iraq War De-Escalation Act of 2007.[146]

Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act to add safeguards for personality-disorder military discharges.[147] This amendment passed the full Senate in the spring of 2008.[148] He sponsored the Iran Sanctions Enabling Act supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which has not passed committee; and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.[149] Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to the State Children's Health Insurance Program, providing one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries.[150]

Committees
Obama speaking with a soldier stationed in Iraq, 2006

Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees for Foreign Relations, Environment and Public Works and Veterans' Affairs through December 2006.[151] In January 2007, he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments with Health, Education, Labor and Pensions and Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs.[152] He also became Chairman of the Senate's subcommittee on European Affairs.[153] As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and Africa. He met with Mahmoud Abbas before Abbas became President of the Palestinian National Authority, and gave a speech at the University of Nairobi in which he condemned corruption within the Kenyan government.[154]

Presidential campaigns

2008 presidential campaign

Photograph
Obama standing on stage with his wife and daughters just before announcing his presidential candidacy in Springfield, Illinois, February 10, 2007

On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for President of the United States in front of the Old State Capitol building in Springfield, Illinois.[155][156] The choice of the announcement site was viewed as symbolic because it was also where Abraham Lincoln delivered his historic "House Divided" speech in 1858.[155][157] Obama emphasized issues of rapidly ending the Iraq War, increasing energy independence, and reforming the health care system,[158] in a campaign that projected themes of hope and change.[159]

Numerous candidates entered the Democratic Party presidential primaries. The field narrowed to a duel between Obama and Senator Hillary Clinton after early contests, with the race remaining close throughout the primary process but with Obama gaining a steady lead in pledged delegates due to better long-range planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing in caucus states, and better exploitation of delegate allocation rules.[160] On June 7, 2008, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama.[161]

Photograph
President George W. Bush meets with President-elect Obama in the Oval Office on November 10, 2008

On August 23, Obama announced his selection of Delaware Senator Joe Biden as his vice presidential running mate.[162] Obama selected Biden from a field speculated to include former Indiana Governor and Senator Evan Bayh and Virginia Governor Tim Kaine.[163] At the Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado, Hillary Clinton called for her supporters to endorse Obama, and she and Bill Clinton gave convention speeches in his support.[164] Obama delivered his acceptance speech, not at the center where the Democratic National Convention was held, but at Invesco Field at Mile High to a crowd of approximately 84,000 people; the speech was viewed by over 38 million people worldwide.[165][166][167]

During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records, particularly in the quantity of small donations.[168] On June 19, 2008, Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn down public financing in the general election since the system was created in 1976.[169]

2008 electoral vote results

John McCain was nominated as the Republican candidate, and he selected Sarah Palin as his running mate. The two candidates engaged in three presidential debates in September and October 2008.[170] On November 4, Obama won the presidency with 365 electoral votes to 173 received by McCain.[171] Obama won 52.9% of the popular vote to McCain's 45.7%.[172] He became the first African American to be elected president.[173] Obama delivered his victory speech before hundreds of thousands of supporters in Chicago's Grant Park.[174]

2012 presidential campaign

Obama greets former Governor Mitt Romney in the Oval Office on November 29, 2012, in their first meeting since Obama's re-election victory over Romney
2012 electoral vote results

On April 4, 2011, Obama announced his reelection campaign for 2012 in a video titled "It Begins with Us" that he posted on his website and filed election papers with the Federal Election Commission.[175][176][177] As the incumbent president he ran virtually unopposed in the Democratic Party presidential primaries,[178] and on April 3, 2012, Obama had secured the 2778 convention delegates needed to win the Democratic nomination.[179]

At the Democratic National Convention in Charlotte, North Carolina, Obama and Joe Biden were formally nominated by former President Bill Clinton as the Democratic Party candidates for president and vice president in the general election. Their main opponents were Republicans Mitt Romney, the former governor of Massachusetts, and Representative Paul Ryan of Wisconsin.[180]

On November 6, 2012, Obama won 332 electoral votes, exceeding the 270 required for him to be reelected as president.[181][182][183] With 51.1% of the popular vote,[184] Obama became the first Democratic president since Franklin D. Roosevelt to win the majority of the popular vote twice.[185][186] President Obama addressed supporters and volunteers at Chicago's McCormick Place after his reelection and said: "Tonight you voted for action, not politics as usual. You elected us to focus on your jobs, not ours. And in the coming weeks and months, I am looking forward to reaching out and working with leaders of both parties."[187][188]

Presidency (2009–2017)

First 100 days

Photograph
Barack Obama takes the oath of office administered by Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. at the Capitol, January 20, 2009

The inauguration of Barack Obama as the 44th President took place on January 20, 2009. In his first few days in office, Obama issued executive orders and presidential memoranda directing the U.S. military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq.[189] He ordered the closing of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp,[190] but Congress prevented the closure by refusing to appropriate the required funds[191][192][193] and preventing moving any Guantanamo detainee into the U.S. or to other countries.[194] Obama reduced the secrecy given to presidential records.[195] He also revoked President George W. Bush's restoration of President Ronald Reagan's Mexico City Policy prohibiting federal aid to international family planning organizations that perform or provide counseling about abortion.[196]

Domestic policy

The first bill signed into law by Obama was the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, relaxing the statute of limitations for equal-pay lawsuits.[197] Five days later, he signed the reauthorization of the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) to cover an additional 4 million uninsured children.[198] In March 2009, Obama reversed a Bush-era policy that had limited funding of embryonic stem cell research and pledged to develop "strict guidelines" on the research.[199]

Obama delivering a speech at joint session of Congress with Vice President Joe Biden and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi on February 24, 2009

Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court in the first two years of his Presidency. He nominated Sonia Sotomayor on May 26, 2009 to replace retiring Associate Justice David Souter; she was confirmed on August 6, 2009,[200] becoming the first Supreme Court Justice of Hispanic descent.[201] Obama nominated Elena Kagan on May 10, 2010 to replace retiring Associate Justice John Paul Stevens. She was confirmed on August 5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three justices for the first time in American history.[202]

On March 30, 2010, Obama signed the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, a reconciliation bill that ended the process of the federal government giving subsidies to private banks to give out federally insured loans, increased the Pell Grant scholarship award, and made changes to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.[203][204]

In a major space policy speech in April 2010, Obama announced a planned change in direction at NASA, the U.S. space agency. He ended plans for a return of human spaceflight to the moon and development of the Ares I rocket, Ares V rocket and Constellation program, in favor of funding Earth science projects, a new rocket type, and research and development for an eventual manned mission to Mars, and ongoing missions to the International Space Station.[205]

Obama meets with the Cabinet, November 23, 2009

President Obama's 2011 State of the Union Address focused on themes of education and innovation, stressing the importance of innovation economics to make the United States more competitive globally. He spoke of a five-year freeze in domestic spending, eliminating tax breaks for oil companies and reversing tax cuts for the wealthiest Americans, banning congressional earmarks, and reducing healthcare costs. He promised that the United States would have one million electric vehicles on the road by 2015 and would be 80% reliant on "clean" electricity.[206][207]

LGBT rights

On October 8, 2009, Obama signed the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, a measure that expanded the 1969 United States federal hate-crime law to include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.[208]

On October 30, 2009, Obama lifted the ban on travel to the United States by those infected with HIV, which was celebrated by Immigration Equality.[209]

On December 22, 2010, Obama signed the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010, which fulfilled a key promise made in the 2008 presidential campaign[210][211] to end the Don't ask, don't tell policy of 1993 that had prevented gay and lesbian people from serving openly in the United States Armed Forces.[212] In 2016, the Pentagon ended the policy that also barred transgender people from serving openly in the military.[213]

As a candidate for the Illinois state senate in 1996, Obama had said that he favored legalizing same-sex marriage.[214] By the time of his Senate run in 2004, he said that he supported civil unions and domestic partnerships for same-sex partners, but he opposed same-sex marriages for strategic reasons.[215] On May 9, 2012, shortly after the official launch of his campaign for re-election as president, Obama said his views had evolved, and he publicly affirmed his personal support for the legalization of same-sex marriage, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to do so.[216][217]

During his second inaugural address on January 21, 2013,[188] Obama became the first president to call for full equality for gay Americans: "Our journey is not complete until our gay brothers and sisters are treated like anyone else under the law – for if we are truly created equal, then surely the love we commit to one another must be equal as well." This was the first time that a president mentioned gay rights or the word "gay" in an inaugural address.[218][219]

The White House was illuminated in rainbow colors on the evening of the Supreme Court same-sex marriage ruling, June 26, 2015.

In 2013, the Obama administration filed briefs that urged the Supreme Court to rule in favor of same-sex couples in the cases of Hollingsworth v. Perry (regarding same-sex marriage)[220] and United States v. Windsor (regarding the Defense of Marriage Act).[221] Then, following the Supreme Court's 2015 decision in Obergefell v. Hodges (ruling same-sex marriage to be a fundamental right), Obama asserted that, "This decision affirms what millions of Americans already believe in their hearts: When all Americans are treated as equal we are all more free."[222]

On July 30, 2015 the White House Office of National AIDS Policy revised its strategy for addressing the ailment, which included widespread testing and linkage to healthcare, which was celebrated by the Human Rights Campaign.[223]

White House advisory and oversight groups

On March 11, 2009, Obama created the White House Council on Women and Girls, which forms part of the Office of Intergovernmental Affairs, having been established by Executive Order 13506 with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to the welfare of American women and girls.[224] The Council is currently chaired by Senior Advisor to the President Valerie Jarrett.[225] Obama also established the White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault through an official United States government memorandum on January 22, 2014, with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to sexual assault on college and university campuses throughout the United States.[225][226][227] The current co-chairs of the Task Force are Vice President Joe Biden and Jarrett.[226] The Task Force has been a development out of the White House Council on Women and Girls and Office of the Vice President of the United States, and prior to that, the 1994 Violence Against Women Act that was first drafted by Biden.[228]

Economic policy

Obama presents his first weekly address as President of the United States on January 24, 2009, discussing the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009

On February 17, 2009, Obama signed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, a $787 billion economic stimulus package aimed at helping the economy recover from the deepening worldwide recession.[229] The act includes increased federal spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks and incentives, and direct assistance to individuals.[230]

In March, Obama's Treasury Secretary, Timothy Geithner, took further steps to manage the financial crisis, including introducing the Public–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets, which contains provisions for buying up to two trillion dollars in depreciated real estate assets.[231] Obama intervened in the troubled automotive industry[232] in March 2009, renewing loans for General Motors and Chrysler to continue operations while reorganizing. Over the following months the White House set terms for both firms' bankruptcies, including the sale of Chrysler to Italian automaker Fiat[233] and a reorganization of GM giving the U.S. government a temporary 60% equity stake in the company, with the Canadian government taking a 12% stake.[234] In June 2009, dissatisfied with the pace of economic stimulus, Obama called on his cabinet to accelerate the investment.[235] He signed into law the Car Allowance Rebate System, known colloquially as "Cash for Clunkers", that temporarily boosted the economy.[236][237][238]

Deficit and debt increases, 2001–16

Spending and loan guarantees from the Federal Reserve and the Treasury Department authorized by the Bush and Obama administrations totaled about $11.5 trillion, but only $3 trillion was spent by the end of November 2009.[239] Obama and the Congressional Budget Office predicted the 2010 budget deficit would be $1.5 trillion or 10.6% of the nation's gross domestic product (GDP) compared to the 2009 deficit of $1.4 trillion or 9.9% of GDP.[240][241] For 2011, the administration predicted the deficit will shrink to $1.34 trillion, and the 10-year deficit will increase to $8.53 trillion or 90% of GDP.[242] The most recent increase in the U.S. debt ceiling to $17.2 trillion took effect in February 2014.[243] On August 2, 2011, after a lengthy congressional debate over whether to raise the nation's debt limit, Obama signed the bipartisan Budget Control Act of 2011. The legislation enforces limits on discretionary spending until 2021, establishes a procedure to increase the debt limit, creates a Congressional Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to propose further deficit reduction with a stated goal of achieving at least $1.5 trillion in budgetary savings over 10 years, and establishes automatic procedures for reducing spending by as much as $1.2 trillion if legislation originating with the new joint select committee does not achieve such savings.[244] By passing the legislation, Congress was able to prevent a U.S. government default on its obligations.[245]

US employment statistics (unemployment rate and monthly changes in net employment) during Obama's tenure as U.S. President[246][247]

As it did throughout 2008, the unemployment rate rose in 2009, reaching a peak in October at 10.0% and averaging 10.0% in the fourth quarter. Following a decrease to 9.7% in the first quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate fell to 9.6% in the second quarter, where it remained for the rest of the year.[248] Between February and December 2010, employment rose by 0.8%, which was less than the average of 1.9% experienced during comparable periods in the past four employment recoveries.[249] By November 2012, the unemployment rate fell to 7.7%,[250] decreasing to 6.7% in the last month of 2013.[251] During 2014, the unemployment rate continued to decline, falling to 6.3% in the first quarter.[252] GDP growth returned in the third quarter of 2009, expanding at a rate of 1.6%, followed by a 5.0% increase in the fourth quarter.[253] Growth continued in 2010, posting an increase of 3.7% in the first quarter, with lesser gains throughout the rest of the year.[253] In July 2010, the Federal Reserve noted that economic activity continued to increase, but its pace had slowed, and chairman Ben Bernanke said the economic outlook was "unusually uncertain".[254] Overall, the economy expanded at a rate of 2.9% in 2010.[255]

The Congressional Budget Office and a broad range of economists credit Obama's stimulus plan for economic growth.[256][257] The CBO released a report stating that the stimulus bill increased employment by 1–2.1 million,[257][258][259][260] while conceding that "It is impossible to determine how many of the reported jobs would have existed in the absence of the stimulus package."[256] Although an April 2010 survey of members of the National Association for Business Economics showed an increase in job creation (over a similar January survey) for the first time in two years, 73% of 68 respondents believed that the stimulus bill has had no impact on employment.[261] The economy of the United States has grown faster than the other original NATO members by a wider margin under President Obama than it has anytime since the end of World War II.[262] The OECD credits the much faster growth in the United States to the stimulus in the United States and the austerity measures in the European Union.[263]

Within a month of the 2010 midterm elections, Obama announced a compromise deal with the Congressional Republican leadership that included a temporary, two-year extension of the 2001 and 2003 income tax rates, a one-year payroll tax reduction, continuation of unemployment benefits, and a new rate and exemption amount for estate taxes.[264] The compromise overcame opposition from some in both parties, and the resulting $858 billion Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 passed with bipartisan majorities in both houses of Congress before Obama signed it on December 17, 2010.[265]

In December 2013, Obama declared that growing income inequality is a "defining challenge of our time" and called on Congress to bolster the safety net and raise wages. This came on the heels of the nationwide strikes of fast-food workers and Pope Francis' criticism of inequality and trickle-down economics.[266]

Obama has urged Congress to ratify a 12-nation free trade pact called the Trans-Pacific Partnership.[267]

Environmental policy

Obama at a 2010 briefing on the BP oil spill at the Coast Guard Station Venice in Venice, Louisiana

On September 30, 2009, the Obama administration proposed new regulations on power plants, factories, and oil refineries in an attempt to limit greenhouse gas emissions and to curb global warming.[268][269]

On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshore drilling rig at the Macondo Prospect in the Gulf of Mexico, causing a major sustained oil leak. Obama visited the Gulf, announced a federal investigation, and formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review by Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar and concurrent Congressional hearings. He then announced a six-month moratorium on new deepwater drilling permits and leases, pending regulatory review.[270] As multiple efforts by BP failed, some in the media and public expressed confusion and criticism over various aspects of the incident, and stated a desire for more involvement by Obama and the federal government.[271]

In July 2013, Obama expressed reservations and stated he "would reject the Keystone XL pipeline if it increased carbon pollution" or "greenhouse emissions".[272][273] Obama's advisers called for a halt to petroleum exploration in the Arctic in January 2013.[274] On February 24, 2015, Obama vetoed a bill that would authorize the pipeline.[275] It was the third veto of Obama's presidency and his first major veto.[276]

Obama has emphasized the conservation of federal lands during his term in office. He used his power under the Antiquities Act to create 25 new national monuments during his presidency and expand four others, protecting a total of 553,000,000 acres (224,000,000 ha) of federal lands and waters, more than any other U.S. president.[277]

Health care reform

Photograph
Obama signs the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act at the White House, March 23, 2010

Obama called for Congress to pass legislation reforming health care in the United States, a key campaign promise and a top legislative goal.[278] He proposed an expansion of health insurance coverage to cover the uninsured, to cap premium increases, and to allow people to retain their coverage when they leave or change jobs. His proposal was to spend $900 billion over 10 years and include a government insurance plan, also known as the public option, to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care. It would also make it illegal for insurers to drop sick people or deny them coverage for pre-existing conditions, and require every American to carry health coverage. The plan also includes medical spending cuts and taxes on insurance companies that offer expensive plans.[279][280]

Maximum Out-of-Pocket Premium as Percentage of Family Income and federal poverty level, under Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, starting in 2014 (Source: CRS)[281]

On July 14, 2009, House Democratic leaders introduced a 1,017-page plan for overhauling the U.S. health care system, which Obama wanted Congress to approve by the end of 2009.[278] After much public debate during the Congressional summer recess of 2009, Obama delivered a speech to a joint session of Congress on September 9 where he addressed concerns over the proposals.[282] In March 2009, Obama lifted a ban on using federal funds for stem cell research.[283]

On November 7, 2009, a health care bill featuring the public option was passed in the House.[284][285] On December 24, 2009, the Senate passed its own billâ€â€without a public optionâ€â€on a party-line vote of 60–39.[286] On March 21, 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) passed by the Senate in December was passed in the House by a vote of 219 to 212.[287] Obama signed the bill into law on March 23, 2010.[288]

The ACA includes health-related provisions, most of which took effect in 2014, including expanding Medicaid eligibility for people making up to 133% of the federal poverty level (FPL) starting in 2014,[289] subsidizing insurance premiums for people making up to 400% of the FPL ($88,000 for family of four in 2010) so their maximum "out-of-pocket" payment for annual premiums will be from 2% to 9.5% of income,[290][291] providing incentives for businesses to provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions, establishing health insurance exchanges, prohibiting annual coverage caps, and support for medical research. According to White House and Congressional Budget Office figures, the maximum share of income that enrollees would have to pay would vary depending on their income relative to the federal poverty level.[290][292]

Percentage of Individuals in the United States without Health Insurance, 1963–2015 (Source: JAMA)[293]

The costs of these provisions are offset by taxes, fees, and cost-saving measures, such as new Medicare taxes for those in high-income brackets, taxes on indoor tanning, cuts to the Medicare Advantage program in favor of traditional Medicare, and fees on medical devices and pharmaceutical companies;[294] there is also a tax penalty for those who do not obtain health insurance, unless they are exempt due to low income or other reasons.[295] In March 2010, the Congressional Budget Office estimated that the net effect of both laws will be a reduction in the federal deficit by $143 billion over the first decade.[296]

The law faced several legal challenges, primarily based on the argument that an individual mandate requiring Americans to buy health insurance was unconstitutional. On June 28, 2012, the Supreme Court ruled by a 5–4 vote in National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius that the mandate was constitutional under the U.S. Congress's taxing authority.[297] In Burwell v. Hobby Lobby the Court ruled that "closely-held" for-profit corporations could be exempt on religious grounds under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act from regulations adopted under the ACA that would have required them to pay for insurance that covered certain contraceptives. In June 2015, the Court ruled 6–3 in King v. Burwell that subsidies to help individuals and families purchase health insurance were authorized for those doing so on both the federal exchange and state exchanges, not only those purchasing plans "established by the State", as the statute reads.[298]

Energy policy

Prior to June 2014, Obama offered substantial support for a broadly-based "All of the above" approach to domestic energy policy, which Obama has maintained since his first term and which he last confirmed at his State of the Union speech in January 2014 to a mixed reception by both parties. In June 2014, Obama made indications that his administration would consider a shift towards an energy policy more closely tuned to the manufacturing industry and its impact on the domestic economy.[299] Obama's approach of selectively combining regulation and incentive to various issues in the domestic energy policy such as coal mining and oil fracking has received mixed commentary for not being as responsive to the needs of the domestic manufacturing sector as needed, following claims that the domestic manufacturing sector utilizes as much as a third of the nation's available energy resources.[300][301]

Gun control

Obama visiting 2012 Aurora shooting victims at University of Colorado Hospital

On January 16, 2013, one month after the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, Obama signed 23 executive orders and outlined a series of sweeping proposals regarding gun control.[302] He urged Congress to reintroduce an expired ban on military-style assault weapons, such as those used in several recent mass shootings, impose limits on ammunition magazines to 10 rounds, introduce background checks on all gun sales, pass a ban on possession and sale of armor-piercing bullets, introduce harsher penalties for gun-traffickers, especially unlicensed dealers who buy arms for criminals and approving the appointment of the head of the federal Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives for the first time since 2006.[303] On January 5, 2016, Obama announced new executive actions extending background check requirements to more gun sellers.[304] In a 2016 editorial in the New York Times, Obama compared the struggle for what he termed "common-sense gun reform" to women's suffrage and other civil rights movements in American history.[305]

2010 midterm elections

Obama called the November 2, 2010 election, where the Democratic Party lost 63 seats in, and control of, the House of Representatives,[306] "humbling" and a "shellacking".[307] He said that the results came because not enough Americans had felt the effects of the economic recovery.[308]

Cybersecurity and Internet policy

On November 10, 2014, President Obama recommended the Federal Communications Commission reclassify broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve net neutrality.[309][310] On February 12, 2013, President Obama signed Executive Order 13636, "Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity".[311]

Foreign policy

President Obama stands at a podium delivering a speech on "A New Beginning" at Cairo University on June 4, 2009
Obama speaking on "A New Beginning" at Cairo University on June 4, 2009
International trips made by President Barack Obama during his terms in office

In February and March 2009, Vice President Joe Biden and Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton made separate overseas trips to announce a "new era" in U.S. foreign relations with Russia and Europe, using the terms "break" and "reset" to signal major changes from the policies of the preceding administration.[312] Obama attempted to reach out to Arab leaders by granting his first interview to an Arab cable TV network, Al Arabiya.[313]

On March 19, Obama continued his outreach to the Muslim world, releasing a New Year's video message to the people and government of Iran.[314][315] In April, Obama gave a speech in Ankara, Turkey, which was well received by many Arab governments.[316] On June 4, 2009, Obama delivered a speech at Cairo University in Egypt calling for "A New Beginning" in relations between the Islamic world and the United States and promoting Middle East peace.[317]

On June 26, 2009, Obama responded to the Iranian government's actions towards protesters following Iran's 2009 presidential election by saying: "The violence perpetrated against them is outrageous. We see it and we condemn it."[318] While in Moscow on July 7, he responded Vice President Biden's comment on a possible Israeli military strike on Iran by saying: "We have said directly to the Israelis that it is important to try and resolve this in an international setting in a way that does not create major conflict in the Middle East."[319]

On September 24, 2009, Obama became the first sitting U.S. president to preside over a meeting of the United Nations Security Council.[320]

In March 2010, Obama took a public stance against plans by the government of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to continue building Jewish housing projects in predominantly Arab neighborhoods of East Jerusalem.[321][322] During the same month, an agreement was reached with the administration of Russian President Dmitry Medvedev to replace the 1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty with a new pact reducing the number of long-range nuclear weapons in the arsenals of both countries by about one-third.[323] Obama and Medvedev signed the New START treaty in April 2010, and the U.S. Senate ratified it in December 2010.[324]

In December 2011, Obama instructed agencies to consider LGBT rights when issuing financial aid to foreign countries.[325] He criticized Russia's law discriminating against gays in August 2013,[326] stopping short of advocating a boycott of the 2014 Winter Olympics held in Sochi, Russia.[327]

Obama meeting with Italian Prime Minister Matteo Renzi at the White House, October 2016

In December 2014, Obama announced that he intended to normalize relationships between Cuba and the United States.[328] The countries' respective "interests sections" in one another's capitals were upgraded to embassies on July 20, 2015.

In March 2015, Obama declared that he had authorized U.S. forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to the Saudis in their military intervention in Yemen, establishing a "Joint Planning Cell" with Saudi Arabia.[329]

Before leaving office, Obama said German Chancellor Angela Merkel had been his "closest international partner" throughout his tenure as President.[330]

War in Iraq

On February 27, 2009, Obama announced that combat operations in Iraq would end within 18 months. His remarks were made to a group of Marines preparing for deployment to Afghanistan. Obama said, "Let me say this as plainly as I can: by August 31, 2010, our combat mission in Iraq will end."[331] The Obama administration scheduled the withdrawal of combat troops to be completed by August 2010, decreasing troop's levels from 142,000 while leaving a transitional force of about 50,000 in Iraq until the end of 2011. On August 19, 2010, the last U.S. combat brigade exited Iraq. Remaining troops transitioned from combat operations to counter-terrorism and the training, equipping, and advising of Iraqi security forces.[332][333] On August 31, 2010, Obama announced that the United States combat mission in Iraq was over.[334] On October 21, 2011 President Obama announced that all U.S. troops would leave Iraq in time to be "home for the holidays".[335]

US President Barack Obama and British Prime Minister David Cameron trade bottles of beer to settle a bet they made on the U.S. vs. England World Cup Soccer game (which ended in a tie), during a bilateral meeting at the G20 Summit in Toronto, Canada, Saturday, June 26, 2010
Meeting with UK Prime Minister David Cameron during the 2010 G20 Toronto summit

In June 2014, following the capture of Mosul by ISIS, Obama sent 275 troops to provide support and security for U.S. personnel and the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad. ISIS continued to gain ground and to commit widespread massacres and ethnic cleansing.[336][337]

In August 2014, during the Sinjar massacre, Obama ordered a campaign of U.S. airstrikes against ISIS.[338]

By the end of 2014, 3,100 American ground troops were committed to the conflict[339] and 16,000 sorties were flown over the battlefield, primarily by U.S. Air Force and Navy pilots.[340]

In the spring of 2015, with the addition of the "Panther Brigade" of the 82nd Airborne Division the number of U.S. ground troops in Iraq surged to 4,400,[341] and by July American-led coalition air forces counted 44,000 sorties over the battlefield.[342]

War in Afghanistan

Early in his presidency, Obama moved to bolster U.S. troop strength in Afghanistan.[343] He announced an increase in U.S. troop levels to 17,000 military personnel in February 2009 to "stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan", an area he said had not received the "strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently requires".[344] He replaced the military commander in Afghanistan, General David D. McKiernan, with former Special Forces commander Lt. Gen. Stanley A. McChrystal in May 2009, indicating that McChrystal's Special Forces experience would facilitate the use of counterinsurgency tactics in the war.[345] On December 1, 2009, Obama announced the deployment of an additional 30,000 military personnel to Afghanistan and proposed to begin troop withdrawals 18 months from that date;[346] this took place in July 2011. David Petraeus replaced McChrystal in June 2010, after McChrystal's staff criticized White House personnel in a magazine article.[347] In February 2013, Obama said the U.S. military would reduce the troop level in Afghanistan from 68,000 to 34,000 U.S. troops by February 2014.[348]

In October 2015, the White House announced a plan to keep U.S. Forces in Afghanistan indefinitely in light of the deteriorating security situation.[349]

Israel

President Barack Obama, at left, shakes hands with Israeli President Shimon Peres, at right, in the Oval Office on Tuesday, May 5, 2009. Standing at right looking on is U.S. Vice President Joe Biden.
Obama meeting with Israeli President Shimon Peres in the Oval Office, May 2009

In 2011, the United States vetoed a Security Council resolution condemning Israeli settlements, with the United States being the only nation to do so.[350] Obama supports the two-state solution to the Arab–Israeli conflict based on the 1967 borders with land swaps.[351]

In June 2011, Obama said that the bond between the United States and Israel is "unbreakable".[352] During the initial years of the Obama administration, the U.S. increased military cooperation with Israel, including increased military aid, re-establishment of the U.S.-Israeli Joint Political Military Group and the Defense Policy Advisory Group, and an increase in visits among high-level military officials of both countries.[353] The Obama administration asked Congress to allocate money toward funding the Iron Dome program in response to the waves of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel.[354]

In 2013, Jeffrey Goldberg reported that, in Obama's view, "with each new settlement announcement, Netanyahu is moving his country down a path toward near-total isolation."[355]

In 2014, Obama likened the Zionist movement to the Civil Rights Movement in the United States. He said that both movements seek to bring justice and equal rights to historically persecuted peoples. He explained, "To me, being pro-Israel and pro-Jewish is part and parcel with the values that I've been fighting for since I was politically conscious and started getting involved in politics."[356] Obama expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict.[357]

On December 23, 2016 under the Obama Administration, the United States abstained from United Nations Security Council Resolution 2334, effectively allowing it to pass.[358] Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu strongly criticized the Administration's actions,[359][360] and the Israeli government withdrew its annual dues from the organization, which totaled $6 million in United States dollars, on January 6, 2017.[361] On January 5, 2017, the United States House of Representatives voted 342–80 to condemn the UN Resolution.[362][363]

Libya

President Obama meets with Russian President Vladimir Putin to discuss Syria and ISIS, September 29, 2015

In February 2011, protests in Libya began against long-time dictator Muammar Gaddafi as part of the Arab Spring. They soon turned violent. In March, as forces loyal to Gaddafi advanced on rebels across Libya, calls for a no-fly zone came from around the world, including Europe, the Arab League, and a resolution[364] passed unanimously by the U.S. Senate.[365] In response to the unanimous passage of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 on March 17, Gaddafiâ€â€who had previously vowed to "show no mercy" to the rebels of Benghazi[366]â€â€announced an immediate cessation of military activities,[367] yet reports came in that his forces continued shelling Misrata. The next day, on Obama's orders, the U.S. military took part in air strikes to destroy the Libyan government's air defense capabilities to protect civilians and enforce a no-fly-zone,[368] including the use of Tomahawk missiles, B-2 Spirits, and fighter jets.[369][370][371] Six days later, on March 25, by unanimous vote of all of its 28 members, NATO took over leadership of the effort, dubbed Operation Unified Protector.[372] Some Representatives[373] questioned whether Obama had the constitutional authority to order military action in addition to questioning its cost, structure and aftermath.[374][375]

Syrian Civil War

On August 18, 2011, several months after the start of the Syrian Civil War, Obama issued a written statement that said: "The time has come for President Assad to step aside."[376][377] This stance was reaffirmed in November 2015.[378] In 2012, Obama authorized multiple programs run by the CIA and the Pentagon to train anti-Assad rebels.[379] The Pentagon-run program was later found to have failed and was formally abandoned in October 2015.[380][381]

In the wake of a chemical weapons attack in Syria, formally blamed by the Obama administration on the Assad government, Obama chose not to enforce the "red line" he had pledged[382] and, rather than authorise the promised military action against Assad, went along with the Russia-brokered deal that led to Assad giving up chemical weapons; however attacks with chlorine gas continued.[383][384] In 2014, Obama authorized an air campaign aimed primarily at ISIL, but repeatedly promised that the U.S. would not deploy ground troops in Syria.[385][386]

Death of Osama bin Laden

President Obama's address (9:28)
Also available: Audio only; Full text Wikisource has information on "Remarks by the President on Osama bin Laden"
President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden, along with members of the national security team, receive an update on Operation Neptune's Spear, a mission against Osama bin Laden, in one of the conference rooms of the Situation Room of the White House, on May 1, 2011. They are watching live feed from drones operating over the bin Laden complex.
Obama and members of the national security team receive an update on Operation Neptune's Spear in the White House Situation Room, May 1, 2011. See also: Situation Room

Starting with information received from Central Intelligence Agency operatives in July 2010, the CIA developed intelligence over the next several months that determined what they believed to be the hideout of Osama bin Laden. He was living in seclusion in a large compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, a suburban area 35 miles (56 km) from Islamabad.[387] CIA head Leon Panetta reported this intelligence to President Obama in March 2011.[387] Meeting with his national security advisers over the course of the next six weeks, Obama rejected a plan to bomb the compound, and authorized a "surgical raid" to be conducted by United States Navy SEALs.[387] The operation took place on May 1, 2011, and resulted in the shooting death of bin Laden and the seizure of papers, computer drives and disks from the compound.[388][389] DNA testing was one of five methods used to positively identify bin Laden's corpse,[390] which was buried at sea several hours later.[391] Within minutes of the President's announcement from Washington, DC, late in the evening on May 1, there were spontaneous celebrations around the country as crowds gathered outside the White House, and at New York City's Ground Zero and Times Square.[388][392] Reaction to the announcement was positive across party lines, including from former presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush,[393] and from many countries around the world.[394]

Iran nuclear talks

Obama talks with Benjamin Netanyahu, March 2013

In November 2013, Obama's administration opened negotiations with Iran to prevent it from acquiring nuclear weapons, which included an interim agreement. Negotiations took two years with numerous delays, with a deal being announced July 14, 2015. The deal, titled the "Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action", saw the removal of sanctions in exchange for measures that would prevent Iran from producing nuclear weapons. While Obama hailed the agreement as being a step towards a more hopeful world, the deal drew strong criticism from Republican and conservative quarters, and from Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu.[395][396][397]

Relations with Cuba

File:Handshake between the President and Cuban President Raúl Castro.jpg
President Obama meeting with Cuban President Raúl Castro in Panama, April 2015

Since the spring of 2013, secret meetings were conducted between the United States and Cuba in the neutral locations of Canada and Vatican City.[398] The Vatican first became involved in 2013 when Pope Francis advised the U.S. and Cuba to exchange prisoners as a gesture of goodwill.[399] On December 10, 2013, Cuban President Raúl Castro, in a significant public moment, greeted and shook hands with Obama at the Nelson Mandela memorial service in Johannesburg.[400]

In December 2014, after the secret meetings, it was announced that Obama, with Pope Francis as an intermediary, had negotiated a restoration of relations with Cuba, after nearly sixty years of détente.[401] Popularly dubbed the Cuban Thaw, The New Republic deemed the Cuban Thaw to be "Obama's finest foreign policy achievement."[402] On July 1, 2015, President Barack Obama announced that formal diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States would resume, and embassies would be opened in Washington and Havana.[403] The countries' respective "interests sections" in one another's capitals were upgraded to embassies on July 20 and August 13, 2015, respectively.[404]

Obama visited Havana, Cuba for two days in March 2016, becoming the first sitting U.S. President to arrive since Calvin Coolidge in 1928.[405]

Africa

Obama spoke in front of the African Union in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, on July 29, 2015, the first sitting U.S. president to do so. He gave a speech encouraging the world to increase economic ties via investments and trade with the continent, and lauded the progresses made in education, infrastructure, and economy. He also criticized the lack of democracy and leaders who refuse to step aside, discrimination against minorities (LGBT people, religious groups and ethnicities), and corruption. He suggested an intensified democratization and free trade, to significantly improve the quality of life for Africans.[406][407] During his July 2015 trip, Obama also was the first U.S. president ever to visit Kenya, which is the homeland of his father.[408]

Hiroshima speech

On May 27, 2016, 2½ months before the 71st anniversary of the U.S. atomic bombing of Hiroshima that ended World War II, Obama became the first sitting American president to visit Hiroshima, Japan. Accompanied by Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, Obama paid tribute to the victims of the bombing at the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum.[409]

Russia

Obama meets with President-elect Donald Trump at the White House, November 10, 2016.

After Russia's invasion of Crimea in 2014, military intervention in Syria in 2015, and the interference in the 2016 presidential election[410] in the 2016 U.S. presidential election, Obama's Russia policy was widely seen as a failure.[411] George Robertson, a former UK defense secretary and NATO secretary-general, said that Obama had "allowed Putin to jump back on the world stage and test the resolve of the West", adding that the legacy of this disaster would last.[412]

Cultural and political image

First official presidential portrait of Barack Obama, wearing a black suit with a blue tie and American flag lapel pin, indoors with the American flag and the flag of the President draped in the background
Obama's first term presidential portrait (2009)

Obama's family history, upbringing, and Ivy League education differ markedly from those of African-American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through participation in the civil rights movement.[413] Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is "black enough", Obama told an August 2007 meeting of the National Association of Black Journalists that "we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong."[414] Obama acknowledged his youthful image in an October 2007 campaign speech, saying: "I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not been passed to a new generation."[415]

Obama is frequently referred to as an exceptional orator.[416] During his pre-inauguration transition period and continuing into his presidency, Obama delivered a series of weekly Internet video addresses.[417] Former presidential campaign surrogate and Georgetown professor, Michael Eric Dyson, is both critical and sympathetic of President Obama's leadership in race relations, indicating that Obama's speeches and action on racial disparity and justice have been somewhat reactive and reluctant when, especially in the later part of his second term, racial violence demanded immediate presidential action and conversation.[418]

Presidential Approval Ratings

According to the Gallup Organization, Obama began his presidency with a 68% approval rating[419] before gradually declining for the rest of the year, and eventually bottoming out at 41% in August 2010,[420] a trend similar to Ronald Reagan's and Bill Clinton's first years in office.[421] He experienced a small poll bounce shortly after the death of Osama bin Laden on May 2, 2011. This bounce lasted until around June 2011, when his approval numbers dropped back to where they were previously.[422][423] His approval ratings rebounded around the same time as his reelection in 2012, with polls showing an average job approval of 52% shortly after his second inauguration.[424] Despite approval ratings dropping to 39% in late-2013 due to the ACA roll-out, they climbed to 50% in January 2015 according to Gallup.[425]

Polls showed strong support for Obama in other countries both before and during his presidency.[426][427] In a February 2009 poll conducted in Western Europe and the U.S. by Harris Interactive for France 24 and the International Herald Tribune, Obama was rated as the most respected world leader, as well as the most powerful.[428] In a similar poll conducted by Harris in May 2009, Obama was rated as the most popular world leader, as well as the one figure most people would pin their hopes on for pulling the world out of the economic downturn.[429][430]

Prime Minister David Cameron of the United Kingdom, President Barack Obama, Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany, José Manuel Barroso, President of the European Commission, President François Hollande of France and others react emotionally while watching the overtime shootout of the Chelsea vs. Bayern Munich Champions League final, in the Laurel Cabin conference room during the G8 Summit at Camp David, Maryland, May 19, 2012. Cameron raises his arms triumphantly as the Chelsea team wins their first Champions League title in the overtime shootout.
G8 leaders watching the 2012 UEFA Champions League Final

Obama won Best Spoken Word Album Grammy Awards for abridged audiobook versions of Dreams from My Father in February 2006 and for The Audacity of Hope in February 2008.[431] His concession speech after the New Hampshire primary was set to music by independent artists as the music video "Yes We Can", which was viewed 10 million times on YouTube in its first month[432] and received a Daytime Emmy Award.[433] In December 2008 and in 2012, Time magazine named Obama as its Person of the Year.[434] The 2008 awarding was for his historic candidacy and election, which Time described as "the steady march of seemingly impossible accomplishments".[435] On May 25, 2011, Obama became the first President of the United States to address both houses of the UK Parliament in Westminster Hall, London. This was only the fifth occurrence since the start of the 20th century of a head of state being extended this invitation, following Charles de Gaulle in 1960, Nelson Mandela in 1996, Queen Elizabeth II in 2002 and Pope Benedict XVI in 2010.[436][437]

On October 9, 2009, the Norwegian Nobel Committee announced that Obama had won the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize "for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples".[438] Obama accepted this award in Oslo, Norway on December 10, 2009, with "deep gratitude and great humility."[439] The award drew a mixture of praise and criticism from world leaders and media figures.[440][441][442][443][444][445][446][excessive citations] Obama's peace prize was called a "stunning surprise" by The New York Times.[447] Obama is the fourth U.S. president to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize and the third to become a Nobel laureate while in office.[448] Obama's Nobel Prize has been viewed skeptically in subsequent years, especially after the director of the Nobel Institute, Geir Lundestad, said Obama's Peace Prize did not have the desired effect.[449]

Post-presidency (2017–present)

Obama, with Joe Biden and Donald Trump at the latter's inauguration on January 20, 2017

Barack Obama's presidency ended at noon on January 20, 2017, immediately following the inauguration of his Republican successor, Donald Trump. After the inauguration, Obama lifted off on Executive One, circled the White House, and flew to Joint Base Andrews.[450] The family currently rents a house in Kalorama, Washington, D.C.[451]

During the 2017 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election, worrying about the rise of Keith Ellison and Bernie Sanders's endorsement of him for the position, the Obama administration pushed Tom Perez to run against him.[452] President Barack Obama personally called DNC members to vote for Perez.[453]

On March 2, 2017, the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum awarded the annual Profile in Courage Award to Obama "for his enduring commitment to democratic ideals and elevating the standard of political courage."[454]

On April 24, 2017, in his first public appearance out of office, Obama appeared at a seminar at the University of Chicago aimed at the engagement with a new generation as well as an appeal for their participation in politics.[455]

On May 4, 2017, three days ahead of the French presidential election, Obama publicly endorsed Emmanuel Macron: "He appeals to people’s hopes and not their fears, and I enjoyed speaking to Emmanuel recently to hear about his independent movement and his vision for the future of France."[456] Macron went on to win the election.

On May 9, 2017, Obama delivered a speech urging for election participation and research during a food innovation summit in Milan, Italy, saying in part, "if you don't vote and you don't pay attention, you'll get policies that don't reflect your interest."[457]

While in Berlin on May 25, 2017, Obama made a joint public appearance with Chancellor Angela Merkel where he stressed inclusion and for leaders to question themselves, Obama having been formally invited to Berlin while still in office as part of an effort to boost Merkel's re-election campaign.[458]

Obama traveled to Kensington Palace in England and met with Prince Harry on May 27, 2017; Obama tweeted afterward that the two discussed their foundations and offering condolences in the wake of the Manchester Arena bombing that occurred five days prior.[459]

On June 1, 2017, after President Trump announced his withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Agreement, Obama released a statement disagreeing with the choice: "But even in the absence of American leadership; even as this administration joins a small handful of nations that reject the future; I'm confident that our states, cities, and businesses will step up and do even more to lead the way, and help protect for future generations the one planet we've got."[460] During an appearance at the Seoul conference on July 3, Obama said the Paris Agreement "will still be a critical factor in helping our children solve the enormous challenge in civilization."[461]

After the Congressional baseball shooting, Obama telephoned Senator Jeff Flake to express condolences for the victims and to request Flake inform House Majority Whip Steve Scalise, injured during the shooting, of his sentiments for him.[462]

On June 22, 2017, after Senate Republicans revealed the Better Care Reconciliation Act of 2017, their discussion draft of a health care bill to replace the Affordable Care Act, Obama released a Facebook post calling the bill "a massive transfer of wealth from middle-class and poor families to the richest people in America."[463] On September 19, while delivering the keynote address at Goalkeepers, Obama admitted his frustration with Republicans backing "a bill that will raise costs, reduce coverage, and roll back protections for older Americans and people with pre-existing conditions".[464]

On September 5, 2017, after Attorney General Jeff Sessions announced the termination of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program, Obama released a Facebook post rebuking the decision.[465]

On September 7, 2017, Obama partnered with former Presidents Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush to work with One America Appeal to help the victims of Hurricane Harvey and Hurricane Irma in the Gulf Coast and Texas communities.[466]

Presidential library

The Obama Presidential Center is the planned presidential library of Barack Obama. The center will be hosted by the University of Chicago, and will be located in Jackson Park on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois.[467]

Legacy

Job growth during the presidency of Obama compared to predecessors, as measured as cumulative percentage change from month after inauguration to end of his term.

Obama's most significant legacy is generally considered to be the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, provisions of which went into effect from 2010 to 2020.[468] Together with the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act amendment, it represents the U.S. healthcare system's most significant regulatory overhaul and expansion of coverage since the passage of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965.[469][470][471][472][473][excessive citations]

Many commentators credit Obama with averting a threatened depression and pulling the economy back from the Great Recession.[468] According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Obama administration created 11.3 million jobs from the month after the first inauguration of Barack Obama to the end of his term.[474]

In 2009, President Obama signed into law the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010, which contained in it the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, the first addition to existing federal hate crime law in the United States since Democratic President Bill Clinton signed into law the Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996. The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act expanded existing federal hate crime laws in the United States to apply to crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability, and dropped the prerequisite that the victim be engaging in a federally protected activity.

In 2010, President Obama signed into effect the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Passed as a response to the financial crisis of 2007–08, it brought the most significant changes to financial regulation in the United States since the regulatory reform that followed the Great Depression under Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt.[475]

As president, Obama advanced LGBT rights.[476] In 2010, Obama signed the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act, which brought an end to "don't ask, don't tell" policy in the U.S. armed forces that banned open service from LGB people; the law went into effect the following year.[477] In 2016, the Obama administration brought an end to the ban on transgender people serving openly in the US armed forces.[478][213] A Gallup poll, taken in the final days of Obama's term, showed that 68% of Americans believed that the U.S. had made progress in the situation for gays and lesbians during Obama's eight years in office.[479]

President Obama continued the drone strikes that President George W. Bush started during his presidency in Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, Somalia, and Yemen. Obama also ordered drone strikes in Libya in 2011, the Philippines in 2012, and Syria in 2014.[480] Obama left about 9,800 US troops in Afghanistan, 5,262 US troops in Iraq, 503 US troops in Syria, 133 US troops in Pakistan, 106 US troops in Somalia, 7 US troops in Yemen, and 2 US troops in Libya at the end of his presidency.[481][482]

According to Pew Research Center and United States Bureau of Justice Statistics, from December 31, 2009 to December 31, 2015, that inmates sentenced in US federal custody declined by 5% under US President Obama. This is the largest decline in sentenced inmates in US federal custody since Democrat US President Jimmy Carter. By contrast, the federal prison population increased significantly under US presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush.[483]

Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating.[484][485] A 2017 C-SPAN Presidential Historians Survey ranked Obama as the 12th best US president.[486][487]

See also

Books written

Audiobooks

Politics

Other

Lists

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ^ "Barack Hussein Obama Takes The Oath Of Office" on YouTube. January 20, 2009.
  2. ^ [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] The White House, 2008, archiviert vom Original am 2009-10-26; abgerufen am 12. Dezember 2008.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  3. ^ [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". The White House, 27. April 2011, archiviert vom Original am 2017-03-03; abgerufen am 11. März 2017.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  4. ^ Maraniss, David (August 24, 2008). "Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible". The Washington Post. p. A22. Retrieved October 28, 2008.
  5. ^ Nakaso, Dan (December 22, 2008). "Twin sisters, Obama on parallel paths for years". The Honolulu Advertiser. p. B1. Retrieved January 22, 2011.
  6. ^ Rudin, Ken: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". NPR, 23. Dezember 2009, abgerufen am 18. April 2010: „We began with the historic inauguration on January 20 – yes, the first president ever born in Hawaii“Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  7. ^ Barreto, Amílcar Antonio; O’Bryant, Richard L. (2013-11-12). "Introduction". American Identity in the Age of Obama. Taylor & Francis. pp. 18–19. ISBN 9781317937159. Retrieved 8 May 2017. {{cite book}}: soft hyphen character in |first1= at position 6 (help)
  8. ^ Obama (1995, 2004), p. 12.
  9. ^ Smolenyak, Megan Smolenyak (November–December 2008). "The quest for Obama's Irish roots". Ancestry. 26 (6): 46–47, 49. ISSN 1075-475X. Retrieved December 20, 2011. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ^ Jones, Tim (March 27, 2007). "Barack Obama: Mother not just a girl from Kansas; Stanley Ann Dunham shaped a future senator". Chicago Tribune. p. 1 (Tempo).
  11. ^ a b Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 9–10.
    • Scott (2011), pp. 80–86.
    • Jacobs (2011), pp. 115–118.
    • Maraniss (2012), pp. 154–160.
  12. ^ Ripley, Amanda (April 9, 2008). "The story of Barack Obama's mother". Time. Retrieved April 9, 2007.
  13. ^ Scott (2011), p. 86.
    • Jacobs (2011), pp. 125–127.
    • Maraniss (2012), pp. 160–163.
  14. ^ Scott (2011), pp. 87–93.
    • Jacobs (2011), pp. 115–118, 125–127, 133–161.
    • Maraniss (2012), pp. 170–183, 188–189.
  15. ^ Scott (2011), pp. 142–144.
    • Jacobs (2011), pp. 161–177, 227–230.
    • Maraniss (2012), pp. 190–194, 201–209, 227–230.
  16. ^ Ochieng, Philip (November 1, 2004). "From home squared to the US Senate: how Barack Obama was lost and found". The EastAfrican. Nairobi. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007.
    • Merida, Kevin (December 14, 2007). "The ghost of a father". The Washington Post. p. A12. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
    • Jacobs (2011), pp. 251–255.
    • Maraniss (2012), pp. 411–417.
  17. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
    • Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 4 and 5.
  18. ^ Scott (2011), pp. 97–103.
    • Maraniss (2012), pp. 195–201, 225–230.
  19. ^ Maraniss (2012), pp. 195–201, 209–223, 230–244.
  20. ^ Maraniss (2012), pp. 216, 221, 230, 234–244.
  21. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". calverteducation.com, abgerufen am 25. November 2015.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  22. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  23. ^ Serafin, Peter (March 21, 2004). "Punahou grad stirs up Illinois politics". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved March 20, 2008.
    • Scott, Janny (March 14, 2008). "A free-spirited wanderer who set Obama's path". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved November 18, 2011.
    • Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 3 and 4.
    • Scott (2012), pp. 131–134.
    • Maraniss (2012), pp. 264–269.
  24. ^ Richard Wolffe: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". 22. März 2008, abgerufen am 21. März 2016.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  25. ^ Scott (2011), pp. 139–157.
    • Maraniss (2012), pp. 279–281.
  26. ^ Scott (2011), pp. 157–194.
    • Maraniss (2012), pp. 279–281, 324–326.
  27. ^ Scott (2011), pp. 214, 294, 317–346.
  28. ^ Reyes, B.J. (February 8, 2007). "Punahou left lasting impression on Obama". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved February 10, 2007. As a teenager, Obama went to parties and sometimes sought out gatherings on military bases or at the University of Hawaii that were mostly attended by blacks.
  29. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  30. ^ Karl, Jonathan (May 25, 2012). "Obama and his pot-smoking "choom gang"". ABC News. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
  31. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". PBS, 9. Oktober 2012, abgerufen am 29. Oktober 2012.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  32. ^ a b Gordon, Larry (January 29, 2007). "Occidental recalls 'Barry' Obama". Los Angeles Times. p. B1. Archived from the original on May 24, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
  33. ^ Boss-Bicak, Shira (January 2005). "Barack Obama '83". Columbia College Today. ISSN 0572-7820. Retrieved October 1, 2006.
  34. ^ "Remarks by the President in Town Hall". whitehouse.gov. June 26, 2014. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
  35. ^ "The Approval Matrix". New York. August 27, 2012.
  36. ^ Scott Horsley: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". 9. Juli 2008, abgerufen am 17. Juli 2017 (english).
  37. ^ Obama, Barack: [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] The University of Chicago Law School, 1998, archiviert vom Original am 2001-05-09; abgerufen am 1. Oktober 2006.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
    • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  38. ^ Scott, Janny (July 30, 2007). "Obama's account of New York often differs from what others say". The New York Times. p. B1. Retrieved July 31, 2007.
    • Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 133–140.
    • Mendell (2007), pp. 62–63.
  39. ^ a b c d Chassie, Karen, ed. (2007). Who's Who in America, 2008. New Providence, NJ: Marquis Who's Who. p. 3468. ISBN 978-0-8379-7011-0.
  40. ^ Fink, Jason (November 9, 2008). "Obama stood out, even during brief 1985 NYPIRG job". Newsday.
  41. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". 18. Oktober 2006, abgerufen am 24. Juni 2008.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  42. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found. See also:"Interactive Family Tree". Chicago Sun-Times. September 9, 2007. Archived from the original on July 3, 2008. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
  43. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  44. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  45. ^ Smolenyak, Megan (May 9, 2011). "Tracing Barack Obama's Roots to Moneygall". The Huffington Post.
  46. ^ Obama (1995, 2004), p. 13. For reports on Obama's maternal genealogy, including slave owners, Irish connections, and common ancestors with George W. Bush, Dick Cheney, and Harry S. Truman, see: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.Jordan, Mary (May 13, 2007). "Tiny Irish Village Is Latest Place to Claim Obama as Its Own". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 24, 2008."Obama's Family Tree Has a Few Surprises". CBS 2 (Chicago). Associated Press. September 8, 2007. Archived from the original on June 2, 2008. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
  47. ^ Zimmer, Benjamin: [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] Language Log, 2009, archiviert vom Original am 2009-03-03; abgerufen am 12. März 2009.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  48. ^ Zimmer, Benjamin: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". University of Pennsylvania, 23. Januar 2009, abgerufen am 7. Oktober 2012.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  49. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found. See also: "The Love of the Game" (video). Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel. HBO. April 15, 2008. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  50. ^ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay; Kirkpatrick, David D.; Shane, Scott (January 22, 2009). "On First Day, Obama Quickly Sets a New Tone". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved September 7, 2012.
  51. ^ Silva, Mark (August 25, 2008). "Barack Obama: White Sox 'serious' ball". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on August 29, 2008.
  52. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". MLB Fanhouse, 14. Juli 2009, abgerufen am 6. Dezember 2009.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  53. ^ Branigin, William (January 30, 2009). "Steelers Win Obama's Approval". The Washington Post. But other than the Bears, the Steelers are probably the team that's closest to my heart.
  54. ^ Larry Mayer: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Chicago Bears, 7. Oktober 2011, abgerufen am 4. November 2012.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  55. ^ a b Hosie, Rachel (3 May 2017). "BEFORE MICHELLE: THE STORY OF BARACK OBAMA'S PROPOSAL TO SHEILA MIYOSHI JAGER". The Independent. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
  56. ^ a b Tobias, Andrew J. (May 3, 2017). "Oberlin College professor received unsuccessful marriage proposal from Barack Obama in 1980s, new biography reveals". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
  57. ^ Obama (2006), pp. 327–332. See also:Brown, Sarah (December 7, 2005). "Obama '85 masters balancing act". The Daily Princetonian. Archived from the original on February 20, 2009. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
  58. ^ Obama (2006), p. 329.
  59. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  60. ^ Martin, Jonathan: [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". 4. Juli 2008, archiviert vom Original am 2008-07-10; abgerufen am 10. Juli 2008.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  61. ^ Obama (1995, 2004), p. 440, and Obama (2006), pp. 339–340. See also:Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Gannett News Service, abgerufen am 28. April 2008.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  62. ^ [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". 22. November 2008, archiviert vom Original am 2009-01-29; abgerufen am 2. Juli 2015.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  63. ^ Cooper, Helene (April 13, 2009). "One Obama Search Ends With a Puppy Named Bo". The New York Times. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
  64. ^ Linda Feldmann: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". 20. August 2013, abgerufen am 20. August 2013.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  65. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  66. ^ Slevin, Peter (December 17, 2006). "Obama says he regrets land deal with fundraiser". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 10, 2008.
    • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  67. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
    See also:Goldfarb, Zachary A (March 24, 2007). "Measuring Wealth of the '08 Candidates". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
  68. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  69. ^ Shear, Michael D.; Hilzenrath, David S. (April 16, 2010). "Obamas report $5.5 million in income on 2009 tax return". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
  70. ^ Solman, Paul (April 18, 2011). "How Much Did President Obama Make in 2010?". PBS NewsHour. Archived from the original on May 2, 2011. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
  71. ^ Solman, Paul (April 27, 2011). "The Obamas Gave $131,000 to Fisher House Foundation in 2010; What Is It?". PBS NewsHour. Archived from the original on January 29, 2014. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
  72. ^ Wolf, Richard (May 16, 2012). "Obama worth as much as $10 million". USA Today. Retrieved June 16, 2012.
  73. ^ Elsner, Alan (December 7, 2008). Obama says he won't be smoking in White House". Reuters. Retrieved February 28, 2010.
  74. ^ Zengerle, Patricia (February 8, 2011). "Yes, he did: first lady says Obama quit smoking". Reuters. Retrieved May 9, 2011.
  75. ^ Obama, Barack (August 4, 2016). "Glamour Exclusive: President Barack Obama Says, "This Is What a Feminist Looks Like"". Glamour. Retrieved August 5, 2016.
  76. ^ Victor, Daniel (August 4, 2016). "Obama Writes Feminist Essay in Glamour". The New York Times. Retrieved August 5, 2016.
  77. ^ Kelly, Cara (August 4, 2016). "President Obama in 'Glamour': It's important Sasha and Malia's dad is a feminist". USA Today. Retrieved August 5, 2016.
  78. ^ * [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia, 2009, archiviert vom Original am 2009-01-23; abgerufen am 23. Januar 2009: „Religion: Christian“Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
    • [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] Obama for America, archiviert vom Original am 2011-01-05; abgerufen am 1. Juli 2012.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
    • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
    • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
    • [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] United Church of Christ, 20. Januar 2009, archiviert vom Original am 2009-01-25; abgerufen am 21. Januar 2009: „Barack Obama, who spent more than 20 years as a UCC member, is the forty-fourth President of the United States.“Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
    • Sullivan, Amy (June 29, 2009). "The Obama's find a church home Ã¢â‚¬â€œ away from home". Time. Retrieved February 5, 2010. instead of joining a congregation in Washington, D.C., he will follow in George W. Bush's footsteps and make his primary place of worship Evergreen Chapel, the nondenominational church at Camp David.
    • Kornblut, Anne E. (February 4, 2010). "Obama's spirituality is largely private, but it's influential, advisers say". The Washington Post. p. A6. Retrieved February 5, 2010. Obama prays privately ... And when he takes his family to Camp David on the weekends, a Navy chaplain ministers to them, with the daughters attending a form of Sunday school there.
  79. ^ Obama (2006), pp. 202–208. Portions excerpted in: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
    • Barack Obama: [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] Barack Obama: U.S. Senator for Illinois, 28. Juni 2006, archiviert vom Original am 2009-01-04; abgerufen am 16. Juni 2008.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  80. ^ Pulliam, Sarah; Olsen, Ted (January 23, 2008). "Q&A: Barack Obama". Christianity Today. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
  81. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  82. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". ABC News, 29. September 2010, abgerufen am 27. Dezember 2016.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  83. ^ Garrett, Major; Obama, Barack (March 14, 2008). "Obama talks to Major Garrett on 'Hannity & Colmes'". RealClearPolitics. Retrieved November 10, 2012. Major Garrett, Fox News correspondent: So the first question, how long have you been a member in good standing of that church? Sen. Barack Obama (D-IL), presidential candidate: You know, I've been a member since 1991 or '92. And Ã¢â‚¬â€œ but I have known Trinity even before then when I was a community organizer on the South Side, helping steel workers find jobs ... Garrett: As a member in good standing, were you a regular attendee of Sunday services? Obama: You know, I won't say that I was a perfect attendee. I was regular in spurts, because there was times when, for example, our child had just been born, our first child. And so we didn't go as regularly then.
    • "Obama strongly denounces former pastor". MSNBC. Associated Press. April 29, 2008. Retrieved November 10, 2012. I have been a member of Trinity United Church of Christ since 1992, and have known Reverend Wright for 20 years," Obama said. "The person I saw yesterday was not the person that I met 20 years ago.
    • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
    • Remnick, David (2010). The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 177. ISBN 978-1-4000-4360-6. In late October 1987, his third year as an organizer, Obama went with Kellman to a conference on the black church and social justice at the Harvard Divinity School.
    • Maraniss (2012), p. 557: It would take time for Obama to join and become fully engaged in Wright's church, a place where he would be baptized and married; that would not happen until later, during his second time around in Chicago, but the process started then, in October 1987 ... Jerry Kellman: "He wasn't a member of the church during those first three years, but he was drawn to Jeremiah."
    • Peter Baker: Obama: The Call of History, New York Times/Callaway, New York, 2017, ISBN 0-935112-90-1.
  84. ^ "Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized". MSNBC. Associated Press. November 17, 2008. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
  85. ^ Parker, Ashley. "As the Obamas Celebrate Christmas, Rituals of Faith Become Less Visible," The New York Times, December 28, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2017.
  86. ^ Gilgoff, Dan. "TIME Report, White House Reaction Raise More Questions About Obama's Church Hunt," U.S. News & World Report, June 30, 2009. Retrieved January 15, 2017.
  87. ^ "First Lady: We Use Sundays For Naps If We're Not Going To Church," CBS DC, April 22, 2014. Retrieved January 15, 2017.
  88. ^ Lizza, Ryan (March 19, 2007). "The agitator: Barack Obama's unlikely political education". The New Republic. Vol. 236, no. 12. pp. 22–26, 28–29. ISSN 0028-6583. Retrieved August 21, 2007.
    • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
    • Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 140–295.
    • Mendell (2007), pp. 63–83.
  89. ^ a b c Matchan, Linda (February 15, 1990). "A Law Review breakthrough". The Boston Globe. p. 29. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
  90. ^ Obama, Barack (August–September 1988). "Why organize? Problems and promise in the inner city". Illinois Issues. Vol. 14, no. 8–9. pp. 40–42. ISSN 0738-9663. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) reprinted in:
    Knoepfle, Peg, ed. (1990). After Alinsky: community organizing in Illinois. Springfield, IL: Sangamon State University. pp. 35–40. ISBN 0-9620873-3-5. He has also been a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, an organizing institute working throughout the Midwest.
  91. ^ Obama, Auma (2012). And then life happens: a memoir. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 189–208, 212–216. ISBN 978-1-250-01005-6.
  92. ^ Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 299–437.
    • Maraniss (2012), pp. 564–570.
  93. ^ "Ten O'Clock News; Derrick Bell threatens to leave Harvard", April 24, 1990, 11:34, WGBH, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (WGBH and the Library of Congress), Boston and Washington, D.C., accessed September 23, 2016.
  94. ^ Joey Del Ponte; Somerville Scout Staff. "Something in the Water". Somerville Scout. No. January/February 2014. p. 26. "Barack Obama lived in the big, ivy-covered brick building at 365 Broadway ... From 1988 to 1991, the future president resided in a basement apartment while attending Harvard Law School."
  95. ^ a b Michael Levenson; Jonathan Saltzman (January 28, 2007). "At Harvard Law, a unifying voice". The Boston Globe. p. 1A. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
  96. ^ a b Butterfield, Fox (February 6, 1990). "First black elected to head Harvard's Law Review". The New York Times. p. A20. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
  97. ^ Video on YouTube
  98. ^ Aguilar, Louis (July 11, 1990). "Survey: Law firms slow to add minority partners". Chicago Tribune. p. 1 (Business). Retrieved June 15, 2008.
  99. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  100. ^ a b c Scott, Janny (May 18, 2008). "The story of Obama, written by Obama". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
    • Obama (1995, 2004), pp. xiii–xvii.
  101. ^ Merriner, James L. (June 2008). "The friends of O". Chicago. Vol. 57, no. 6. pp. 74–79, 97–99. ISSN 0362-4595. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
  102. ^ [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] University of Chicago Law School, 27. März 2008, archiviert vom Original am 2008-06-08; abgerufen am 5. Juni 2008.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  103. ^ White, Jesse, ed. (2000). Illinois Blue Book, 2000, Millennium ed (PDF). Springfield, IL: Illinois Secretary of State. p. 83. OCLC 43923973. Archived from the original on April 16, 2004. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
  104. ^ United States District Court: Northern District of Illinois Ã¢â‚¬â€œ CM/ECF LIVE, Ver 3.0 (Chicago): Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". 6. Juli 1994, abgerufen am 3. Juni 2016.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  105. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". clearinghouse.net, abgerufen am 25. November 2015.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  106. ^ UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT~·':lj FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS EASTERN DIVISION: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". 16. Januar 1988, abgerufen am 3. Juni 2016.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  107. ^ United States District Cuurt For the Northern District of Illinois Eastern Division: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". 13. Mai 1998, abgerufen am 3. Juni 2016.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  108. ^ Gore, D'Angelo: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". FactCheck.org, 14. Juni 2012, abgerufen am 16. Juli 2012.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  109. ^ Robinson, Mike (February 20, 2007). "Obama got start in civil rights practice". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
  110. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
    • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found. State Sen. District 13 = State Rep. Districts 25 & 26.
  111. ^ Slevin, Peter (February 9, 2007). "Obama Forged Political Mettle in Illinois Capitol". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 20, 2008.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found. See also:Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  112. ^ a b Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  113. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.Ray Long; Melissa Allison (April 18, 2001). "Illinois OKs predatory loan curbs; State aims to avert home foreclosures" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved June 1, 2008.
  114. ^ [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] Illinois State Senate Democrats, 24. August 2000, archiviert vom Original am 2000-04-12; abgerufen am 20. April 2008.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär[Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] Illinois State Senate Democrats, 9. Oktober 2004, archiviert vom Original am 2004-08-02; abgerufen am 20. April 2008.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  115. ^ [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] Federal Election Commission, archiviert vom Original am 2008-03-28; abgerufen am 24. April 2008.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  116. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  117. ^ Tavella, Anne Marie (April 14, 2003). l_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no "Profiling, taping plans pass Senate" (paid archive). Daily Herald. p. 17. Retrieved June 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: no-break space character in |url= at position 383 (help)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.Pearson, Rick (July 17, 2003). "Taped confessions to be law; State will be 1st to pass legislation" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 1 (Metro). Retrieved June 1, 2008.
  118. ^ Youngman, Sam; Aaron Blake (March 14, 2007). "Obama's Crime Votes Are Fodder for Rivals". The Hill. Retrieved May 18, 2012. See also:"US Presidential Candidate Obama Cites Work on State Death Penalty Reforms". International Herald Tribune. Associated Press. November 12, 2007. Archived from the original on June 7, 2008. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
  119. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  120. ^ Helman, Scott (October 12, 2007). "Early defeat launched a rapid political climb". The Boston Globe. p. 1A. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
  121. ^ Strausberg, Chinta (September 26, 2002). "Opposition to war mounts" (paid archive). Chicago Defender. p. 1. Retrieved February 3, 2008.
  122. ^ Office of the Press Secretary: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". The White House, 2. Oktober 2002, abgerufen am 18. Februar 2008.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  123. ^ Glauber, Bill (October 3, 2003). "War protesters gentler, but passion still burns". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved February 3, 2008.(subscription required)
    • Strausberg, Chinta (October 3, 2002). "War with Iraq undermines U.N". Chicago Defender. p. 1. Retrieved October 28, 2008. Photo caption: Left Photo: Sen. Barack Obama along with Rev. Jesse Jackson spoke to nearly 3,000 anti-war protestors (below) during a rally at Federal Plaza Wednesday.
    • Katz, Marilyn: [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] Chicagoans Against War & Injustice, 2. Oktober 2007, archiviert vom Original am 2011-07-21; abgerufen am 18. Februar 2008.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
    • Greg Bryant; Jane B. Vaughn (October 3, 2002). l_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no "300 attend rally against Iraq war". Daily Herald. p. 8. Retrieved October 28, 2008. {{cite news}}: no-break space character in |url= at position 385 (help)(subscription required)
    • Mendell (2007), pp. 172–177.
  124. ^ Obama, Barack: [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] Barack Obama, 2. Oktober 2002, archiviert vom Original am 2008-01-30; abgerufen am 3. Februar 2008.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  125. ^ Ritter, Jim (March 17, 2003). l_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no "Anti-war rally here draws thousands". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 3. Retrieved February 3, 2008. {{cite news}}: no-break space character in |url= at position 280 (help) (subscription required)
  126. ^ Davey, Monica (March 7, 2004). "Closely watched Illinois Senate race attracts 7 candidates in millionaire range". The New York Times. p. 19. Archived from the original on April 16, 2009. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
  127. ^ Mendell, David (March 17, 2004). "Obama routs Democratic foes; Ryan tops crowded GOP field; Hynes, Hull fall far short across state". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved March 1, 2009.
  128. ^ Bernstein, David (June 2007). "The Speech". Chicago Magazine. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
  129. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  130. ^ "Ryan drops out of Senate race in Illinois". CNN. June 25, 2004. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
    • Mendell (2007), pp. 260–271.
  131. ^ Lannan, Maura Kelly (August 9, 2004). "Alan Keyes enters U.S. Senate race in Illinois against rising Democratic star". Union-Tribune. Associated Press. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
  132. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  133. ^ United States Congress: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Abgerufen am 12. Oktober 2011.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  134. ^ [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] Congressional Black Caucus, archiviert vom Original am 2008-07-09; abgerufen am 25. Juni 2008.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  135. ^ Mason, Jeff (November 16, 2008). "Obama resigns Senate seat, thanks Illinois". Reuters. Retrieved March 10, 2009.
  136. ^ 109th Congress, 1st Session U.S. Senate: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Library of Congress, 12. Mai 2005, abgerufen am 25. Februar 2017.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  137. ^ [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office, 11. Januar 2007, archiviert vom Original am 2008-12-18; abgerufen am 27. April 2008.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär See also:Lugar, Richard G.; Barack Obama (December 3, 2005). "Junkyard Dogs of War". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
  138. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found. See also:[Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] Tom Coburn U.S. Senate Office, 26. September 2006, archiviert vom Original am 2008-05-01; abgerufen am 27. April 2008.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  139. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Govtrack.us, 3. Juni 2008, abgerufen am 18. Mai 2012.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  140. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  141. ^ Fisher, Daniel (August 11, 2008). "November Election A Lawyer's Delight". Forbes. Retrieved January 11, 2009.
  142. ^ [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] (PDF) Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office, August 2005, archiviert vom Original am 2008-05-01; abgerufen am 30. April 2008.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  143. ^ [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, April 2006, archiviert vom Original am 2011-01-08; abgerufen am 26. Januar 2012.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär[Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] International Rescue Committee, 5. Januar 2007, archiviert vom Original am 2011-08-07; abgerufen am 27. April 2008.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  144. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found. See also:Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  145. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.110th Congress, 1st Session U.S. Senate: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Library of Congress, 31. Januar 2007, abgerufen am 25. Februar 2017.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär See also:"Honesty in Elections" (editorial). The New York Times. January 31, 2007. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
  146. ^ Krystin, E. Kasak (February 7, 2007). "Obama Introduces Measure to Bring Troops Home". Medill News Service. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
  147. ^ [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] Kit Bond U.S. Senate Office, 1. Oktober 2007, archiviert vom Original am 2010-12-05; abgerufen am 27. April 2008.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  148. ^ [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] 14. März 2008, archiviert vom Original am 2008-12-18;.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  149. ^ "Obama, Schiff Provision to Create Nuclear Threat Reduction Plan Approved" (Press release). Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. December 20, 2007. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008.
  150. ^ [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office, 2. August 2007, archiviert vom Original am 2008-12-18; abgerufen am 27. April 2008.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  151. ^ [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office, 9. Dezember 2006, archiviert vom Original am 2006-12-09; abgerufen am 27. April 2008.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  152. ^ "Obama Gets New Committee Assignments". Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. Associated Press. November 15, 2006. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
  153. ^ Baldwin, Tom (December 21, 2007). "Stay-At-Home Barack Obama Comes Under Fire for a Lack of Foreign Experience". Sunday Times (UK). Retrieved April 27, 2008.
  154. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  155. ^ a b Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  156. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  157. ^ Parsons, Christi (February 10, 2007). "Obama's launch site: Symbolic Springfield: Announcement venue evokes Lincoln legacy". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
  158. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found. See also:
  159. ^ "The Obama promise of hope and change". The Independent. London. November 1, 2008. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011.
  160. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
    • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  161. ^ Nagourney, Adam; Zeleny, Jeff (June 5, 2008). "Clinton to End Bid and Endorse Obama". The New York Times. Retrieved November 20, 2010.
  162. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  163. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  164. ^ Baldwin, Tom (August 27, 2008). "Hillary Clinton: 'Barack is my candidate'". The Times. London. Retrieved August 27, 2008.(subscription required)
  165. ^ Mara Liasson; Michele Norris (July 7, 2008). "Obama To Accept Nomination at Mile High Stadium". NPR. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
  166. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  167. ^ Lloyd, Robert (August 29, 2008). "Barack Obama, Al Gore Raise the Roof at Invesco Field". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 29, 2008.
  168. ^ Malone, Jim (July 2, 2007). "Obama Fundraising Suggests Close Race for Party Nomination". Voice of America. Archived from the original on September 14, 2007.
  169. ^ Salant, Jonathan D. (June 19, 2008). "Obama Won't Accept Public Money in Election Campaign". Bloomberg. Retrieved June 19, 2008.
  170. ^ "Commission on Presidential Debates Announces Sites, Dates, Formats and Candidate Selection Criteria for 2008 General Election" (Press release). Commission on Presidential Debates. November 19, 2007. Archived from the original on July 6, 2008.
    • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  171. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
    • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  172. ^ [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] Real Clear Politics, archiviert vom Original am 2009-02-17; abgerufen am 20. Februar 2009.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  173. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
    • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
    • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  174. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  175. ^ Shear, Michael D. (April 4, 2011). "Obama Begins Re-Election Facing New Political Challenges". The New York Times (blog). Archived from the original on April 5, 2011.
  176. ^ "Obama announces re-election bid". United Press International. April 4, 2011. Archived from the original on May 10, 2011.
  177. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  178. ^ Yoon, Robert (April 3, 2012). "Leading presidential candidate to clinch nomination Tuesday". CNN (blog). Retrieved May 2, 2012.
  179. ^ "Obama clinches Democratic nomination". CNN (blog). April 3, 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
  180. ^ Cohen, Tom (September 6, 2012). "Clinton says Obama offers a better path forward for America". CNN. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
  181. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  182. ^ Barnes, Robert (November 6, 2012). "Obama wins a second term as U.S. president". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
  183. ^ Welch, William M.; Strauss, Gary (November 7, 2012). "With win in critical battleground states, Obama wins second term". USA Today. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
  184. ^ FEC: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Federal Elections Commission, Juli 2013, S. 5, abgerufen am 20. August 2013.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  185. ^ Brownstein, Ronald (November 9, 2012). "The U.S. has reached a demographic milestone Ã¢â‚¬â€œ and it's not turning back". National Journal. Archived from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
  186. ^ Nichols, John (November 9, 2012). "Obama's 3 Million Vote, Electoral College Landslide, Majority of States Mandate". The Nation. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
  187. ^ Lee, Kristen A. (November 7, 2012). "Election 2012: President Obama gives victory speech in front of thousands in Chicago, 'I have never been more hopeful about America'". New York Daily News. Retrieved November 8, 2012.
  188. ^ a b Shear, Michael (January 21, 2013). "Obama Offers Liberal Vision: 'We Must Act'". The New York Times. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
  189. ^ "Obama asks Pentagon for responsible Iraq drawdown". China Daily. January 23, 2009. Retrieved September 4, 2009.
  190. ^ Glaberson, William (January 21, 2009). "Obama Orders Halt to Prosecutions at Guantánamo". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 16, 2009. Retrieved February 3, 2009.
  191. ^ "Senate blocks transfer of Gitmo detainees", MSNBC, Associated Press, May 20, 2009, retrieved March 22, 2011
  192. ^ Barack Obama: [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] White House, 15. Dezember 2009, archiviert vom Original am 2011-03-15; abgerufen am 22. März 2011.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  193. ^ Serbu, Jared (January 7, 2011), "Obama signs Defense authorization bill", Federal News Radio, retrieved March 22, 2011
  194. ^ Northam, Jackie (January 23, 2013). "Obama's Promise To Close Guantanamo Prison Falls Short". NPR. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
  195. ^ [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] Archiviert vom Original am 2009-01-22; abgerufen am 22. Januar 2009.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  196. ^ Barack Obama: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". The White House, 23. Januar 2009, abgerufen am 21. September 2012.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  197. ^ "Obama Signs Equal-Pay Legislation". The New York Times. January 30, 2009. Retrieved June 15, 2009.
  198. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  199. ^ "Obama overturns Bush policy on stem cells". CNN. March 9, 2009. Archived from the original on March 30, 2010. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  200. ^ "Senate confirms Sotomayor for Supreme Court". CNN. August 6, 2009. Retrieved August 6, 2009.
  201. ^ "Obama nominates Sotomayor to Supreme Court". Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  202. ^ Sherman, Mark (October 4, 2010). "New Era Begins on High Court: Kagan Takes Place as Third Woman". Associated Press. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  203. ^ Parsons, Christi (March 30, 2010). "Obama signs student loan reforms into law". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on April 19, 2010. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  204. ^ Branigin, William. "Obama signs higher-education measure into law". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
  205. ^ Robert Block, Robert; Mark K. Matthews (January 27, 2010). "White House won't fund NASA moon program". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 30, 2011. President Obama's budget proposal includes no money for the Ares I and Ares V rocket or Constellation program. Instead, NASA would be asked to monitor climate change and develop a new rocket
  206. ^ Albanesius, Chloe (January 25, 2011). "Obama Pushes Innovation in Tech-Heavy State of the Union". PC Magazine. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
  207. ^ Kornblut, Anne E.; Wilson, Scott (January 26, 2011). "State of the Union 2011: 'Win the future,' Obama says". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 18, 2011.
  208. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  209. ^ "Obama Lifts a Ban on Entry Into U.S. by H.I.V.-Positive People", Julia Preston. New York Times. October 30, 2009. Retrieved 8 feb 2017
  210. ^ "'Don't ask, don't tell' repealed as Obama signs landmark law". The Guardian. London. December 22, 2010. Archived from the original on December 23, 2010. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
  211. ^ "Obama to delay 'don't ask, don't tell' repeal". The Washington Times. November 21, 2008. Archived from the original on January 25, 2011. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
  212. ^ Lee, Jesse: [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] The White House, archiviert vom Original am 2010-12-25; abgerufen am 22. Dezember 2010.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  213. ^ a b "US military ends ban on transgender service members". The Guardian. June 30, 2016.
  214. ^ Baim, Tracy (January 14, 2009). "Windy City Times exclusive: Obama's Marriage Views Changed. WCT Examines His Step Back". Windy City Times. Retrieved May 10, 2012.
  215. ^ Baim, Tracy (February 4, 2004). "Obama Seeks U.S. Senate seat". Windy City Times. Retrieved May 10, 2012.
  216. ^ "Obama backs same-sex marriage". CBS News. May 9, 2012. Retrieved May 9, 2012.
  217. ^ Stein, Sam (May 9, 2012). "Obama Backs Gay Marriage". The Huffington Post. AOL Inc. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
  218. ^ Robillard, Kevin (January 21, 2013). "First inaugural use of the word 'gay'". Politico. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
  219. ^ Michelson, Noah (January 21, 2013). "Obama Inauguration Speech Makes History With Mention of Gay Rights Struggle, Stonewall Uprising". The Huffington Post. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
  220. ^ Reilly, Ryan J. (February 28, 2013). "Obama Administration: Gay Marriage Ban Unconstitutional In Prop. 8 Supreme Court Case". The Huffington Post. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  221. ^ Mears, Bill (February 27, 2013). "Obama administration weighs in on defense of marriage law". CNN. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  222. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". The White House, abgerufen am 25. Oktober 2015.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  223. ^ "Obama Administration Releases Revised National HIV and AIDS Strategy", Human Rights Campaign. July 30, 2015. Retrieved 8 feb 2017
  224. ^ Executive Order 13506, Washington, DC: President Barack Obama, The White House, March 11, 2009, Obama, B.. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
  225. ^ a b Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Abgerufen am 13. September 2014.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  226. ^ a b Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Abgerufen am 13. September 2014.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  227. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". MSNBC, abgerufen am 13. September 2014.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  228. ^ "Rape and sexual assault: A renewed call to action", White House Council on Women and Girls, Washington, D.C.: White House Council on Women and Girls & Office of the Vice President, January 2014. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
  229. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  230. ^ "Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget, Stimulus Watch". Retrieved April 9, 2011.
    • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  231. ^ Andrews, Edmund L.; Dash, Eric (March 23, 2009). "U.S. Expands Plan to Buy Banks' Troubled Assets". The New York Times. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
  232. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  233. ^ Bunkley, Nick; Vlasic, Bill (April 27, 2009). "Chrysler and Union Agree to Deal Before Federal Deadline". The New York Times. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
  234. ^ John Hughes, Caroline Salas, Jeff Green, Bob Van Voris: [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". 1. Juni 2009, archiviert vom Original am 2010-06-13; abgerufen am 5. Juli 2015.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  235. ^ Conkey, Christopher; Radnofsky, Louise (June 9, 2009). "Obama Presses Cabinet to Speed Stimulus Spending". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
  236. ^ Dana Hedgpeth (August 21, 2009). "U.S. Says 'Cash for Clunkers' Program Will End on Monday". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 26, 2010.
  237. ^ Joseph R. Szczesny (August 26, 2009). "Was Cash for Clunkers a Success?". Time. Retrieved March 26, 2010.
  238. ^ Mian, Atif R.; Sufi, Amir (September 1, 2010). "The Effects of Fiscal Stimulus: Evidence from the 2009 'Cash for Clunkers' Program". Social Science Research Network. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1670759. SSRN 1670759. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  239. ^ Goldman, David (April 6, 2009). "CNNMoney.com's bailout tracker". Vol. 06. CNNMoney. p. 20. Retrieved March 26, 2010.
  240. ^ Montgomery, Lori (July 24, 2010). "Federal budget deficit to exceed $1.4 trillion in 2010 and 2011". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 29, 2010.
  241. ^ Bull, Alister; Mason, Jeff (February 1, 2010). "Obama's 2010 budget: deficit soars amid job spending". Reuters. Retrieved July 29, 2010.
  242. ^ Dickson, David M. (March 26, 2010). "CBO report: Debt will rise to 90% of GDP". The Washington Times. Associated Press. Retrieved July 29, 2010.
  243. ^ Sahadi, Jeanne (February 12, 2014). "Where's the debt ceiling now?". CNN. Retrieved March 21, 2014.
  244. ^ NBC's Sylvie Stein: [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] MSNBC, archiviert vom Original am 2012-01-14; abgerufen am 3. August 2011.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  245. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". MSNBC, 8. März 2011, abgerufen am 3. August 2011.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  246. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Bureau of Labor Statistics, abgerufen am 17. Januar 2017.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  247. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Bureau of Labor Statistics, abgerufen am 17. Januar 2017.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  248. ^ Theodossiou, Eleni; Hipple, Steven F. (2011). "Unemployment Remains High in 2010" (PDF). Monthly Labor Review. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 134 (3): 3–22. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 8, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2011.
  249. ^ Eddlemon, John P. (2011). "Payroll Employment Turns the Corner in 2010" (PDF). Monthly Labor Review. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 134 (3): 23–32. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 6, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2011.
  250. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Bureau of Labor Statistics, abgerufen am 11. Dezember 2012.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  251. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Bureau of Labor Statistics, abgerufen am 10. Januar 2014.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  252. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Bureau of Labor Statistics, abgerufen am 6. Juni 2014.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  253. ^ a b [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Bureau of Economic Analysis, archiviert vom Original am 2011-05-12; abgerufen am 7. April 2011.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  254. ^ Robin Harding: [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". 28. Juli 2010, archiviert vom Original am 2010-07-29; abgerufen am 29. Juli 2010.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  255. ^ [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Bureau of Economic Analysis, archiviert vom Original am 2011-05-12; abgerufen am 7. April 2011.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  256. ^ a b Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Congressional Budget Office, abgerufen am 21. Februar 2012.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  257. ^ a b Calmes, Jackie; Cooper, Michael (November 20, 2009). "New Consensus Sees Stimulus Package as Worthy Step". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved December 21, 2010.
  258. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". 23. Februar 2010, abgerufen am 25. April 2010.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  259. ^ Krugman, Paul (November 2, 2009). "Too Little of a Good Thing". The New York Times. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
  260. ^ Isidore, Chris (January 29, 2010). "Best economic growth in six years". CNN. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  261. ^ [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] Archiviert vom Original am 2010-05-02; abgerufen am 26. April 2010.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  262. ^ Politics that Work, "U.S. GDP Growth Relative to Original NATO Members", Politics that Work, March 9, 2015
  263. ^ Irene Chapple, "OECD: U.S. will recover faster, Europe faces unemployment crisis", CNN, May 29, 2013
  264. ^ Herszenhorn, David M.; Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (December 7, 2010). "Democrats Skeptical of Obama on New Tax Plan". The New York Times.
  265. ^ "Obama signs tax deal into law". CNN. December 17, 2010. Retrieved December 17, 2010.
  266. ^ Kuhnhenn, Jim (December 5, 2013). "Obama: Income Inequality a Defining Challenge". Associated Press. Retrieved January 9, 2014.
  267. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". 5. September 2016, abgerufen am 5. September 2016.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  268. ^ Broder, John M. (October 1, 2009). "E.P.A. Moves to Curtail Greenhouse Gas Emissions". The New York Times.
  269. ^ "US moves to limit industrial greenhouse gas emissions". Google News. Agence France-Presse. October 1, 2009. Archived from the original on May 23, 2012. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  270. ^ "Obama Halts Drilling Projects, Defends Actions". NPR. May 27, 2010.
  271. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  272. ^ Goldenberg, Suzanne (July 28, 2013). "Barack Obama expresses reservations about Keystone XL pipeline project". The Guardian (London).
  273. ^ Stein, Sam (June 25, 2013). Obama: Keystone XL Should Not Be Approved If It Will Increase Greenhouse Gas Emissions. The Huffington Post (US).
  274. ^ Goldenberg, Suzanne (January 18, 2013)."Shell's plans in Arctic at risk as Obama advisers call for halt to oil exploration". The Guardian (London).
  275. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". NPR, 24. Februar 2015, abgerufen am 24. Februar 2015.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  276. ^ Laura Barron-Lopez: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Capitol Hill Publishing, 4. März 2015, abgerufen am 2. Juli 2015.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  277. ^ Juliet Eilperin & Brady Dennis, With new monuments in Nevada, Utah, Obama adds to his environmental legacy, The Washington Post (December 28, 2016).
  278. ^ a b Lynn Sweet: [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". 22. Juli 2009, archiviert vom Original am 2015-04-16; abgerufen am 5. Juli 2015.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  279. ^ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay; Zeleny, Jeff (September 9, 2009). "Obama, Armed With Details, Says Health Plan Is Necessary". The New York Times. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
  280. ^ Mike Allen: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". 9. September 2009, abgerufen am 5. Juli 2015.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  281. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Congressional Research Service, abgerufen am 17. Mai 2015.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  282. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  283. ^ Daniel Nasaw: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Abgerufen am 13. September 2014.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  284. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  285. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  286. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  287. ^ "Health Care Reform, at Last". The New York Times. March 21, 2010. Archived from the original on March 26, 2010. Retrieved March 22, 2010.
  288. ^ Gay Stolberg, Sheryl (March 23, 2010). "Obama Signs Landmark Health Care Bill". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 25, 2010. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
  289. ^ Rice, Sabriya (March 25, 2010). "5 key things to remember about health care reform". CNN. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
  290. ^ a b Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". The White House, abgerufen am 6. Januar 2013.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  291. ^ Grier, Peter (March 20, 2010). "Health Care Reform Bill 101". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
  292. ^ Douglas W. Elmendorf: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Congressional Budget Office, 30. November 2009, abgerufen am 9. April 2012.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  293. ^ Obama, Barack (August 2, 2016). "United States Health Care Reform". JAMA. 316 (5): 525. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.9797. ISSN 0098-7484. Retrieved August 17, 2016.
  294. ^ Peter Grier: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". 21. März 2010, abgerufen am 5. Juli 2015.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  295. ^ Grier, Peter (March 19, 2010). "Health care reform bill 101: Who must buy insurance?". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on April 5, 2010. Retrieved April 7, 2010.
  296. ^ Douglas W. Elmendorf: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Congressional Budget Office, abgerufen am 6. Januar 2013.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  297. ^ Barnes, Robert (June 28, 2012). "Supreme Court upholds Obama health care overhaul by 5–4 vote, approving insurance requirement". The Washington Post. Associated Press. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  298. ^ Kimberly Leonard: [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Archiviert vom Original am 2016-01-16; abgerufen am 25. November 2015.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  299. ^ James P. O'Toole; Tracie Mauriello; Deborah Todd (June 17, 2014). "Obama speaks in Pittsburgh about tech, jobs". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.
  300. ^ Obama domestic energy policy. Bloomberg News. June 17, 2014.
  301. ^ [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". 17. Juni 2014, archiviert vom Original am 2014-08-04; abgerufen am 17. Juli 2014.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  302. ^ Mardell, Mark (January 16, 2013). "US gun debate: Obama unveils gun control proposals". BBC News. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  303. ^ "What's in Obama's Gun Control Proposal". The New York Times. January 16, 2013. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
  304. ^ "Obama announces gun control executive action (full transcript)" CNN. January 5, 2016. January 7, 2016.
  305. ^ Obama, Barack. "Barack Obama: Guns Are Our Shared Responsibility" The New York Times. January 7, 2016. January 7, 2016.
  306. ^ Paul Harris; Ewen MacAskill (November 3, 2010). "US midterm election results herald new political era as Republicans take House". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on December 14, 2010. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
  307. ^ "Obama calls midterm elections a 'shellacking' for Democrats". The Christian Science Monitor. November 4, 2010. Archived from the original on November 24, 2010. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
  308. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". NPR, 3. November 2010, abgerufen am 22. Dezember 2010.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  309. ^ Wyatt, Edward (November 10, 2014). "Obama Asks F.C.C. to Adopt Tough Net Neutrality Rules". The New York Times. Retrieved November 15, 2014.
  310. ^ NYT Editorial Board (November 14, 2014). "Why the F.C.C. Should Heed President Obama on Internet Regulation". The New York Times. Retrieved November 15, 2014.
  311. ^ "Cybersecurity Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Executive Order 13636" (Press release). Retrieved April 30, 2015.
  312. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  313. ^ "Obama reaches out to Muslim world on TV". MSNBC. January 27, 2009. Retrieved June 15, 2009.
  314. ^ "Barack Obama's address to Iran: Full text of Barack Obama's videotaped message to the people and leaders of Iran as they celebrate their New Year's holiday, Nowruz". The Guardian. London. March 20, 2013. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
  315. ^ DeYoung, Karen (April 9, 2009). "Nation U.S. to Join Talks on Iran's Nuclear Program". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 15, 2009.
  316. ^ "Obama speech draws praise in Mideast". The Guardian. London. January 23, 2008. Retrieved June 15, 2009.
  317. ^ "Obama in Egypt reaches out to Muslim world". CNN. June 4, 2009. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
  318. ^ Weber, Joseph; Dinan, Stephen (June 26, 2009). "Obama dismisses Ahmadinejad apology request". The Washington Times. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
  319. ^ "Obama: No green light for Israel to attack Iran". CNN. July 7, 2009. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
  320. ^ Chidanand Rajghatta: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". 24. September 2009, abgerufen am 2. Juli 2015.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  321. ^ Robert Berger: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Voice of America, 25. März 2010, abgerufen am 2. Juli 2015.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  322. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  323. ^ Baker, Peter (March 26, 2010)."Obama Seals Arms Control Deal With Russia". The New York Times.
  324. ^ Baker, Peter (December 22, 2010). "Senate Passes Arms Control Treaty With Russia, 71–26". The New York Times.
  325. ^ McVeigh, Karen (December 6, 2011). "Gay rights must be criterion for US aid allocations, instructs Obama". The Guardian. London. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
  326. ^ Parsons, Christi (August 7, 2013). "Obama criticizes Russia's new anti-gay law in Leno interview". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
  327. ^ Johnson, Luke (August 9, 2013). "Obama Opposes Olympic Boycott, Criticizes Russian Anti-Gay Law". The Huffington Post. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
  328. ^ Achenbach, Joel: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". 18. Dezember 2014, abgerufen am 18. Dezember 2014.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  329. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". 25. März 2015;.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  330. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". 15. November 2016;.
  331. ^ Feller, Ben (February 27, 2009). "Obama sets firm withdrawal timetable for Iraq". The Gazette (Colorado Springs). Associated Press. Retrieved March 3, 2009.
  332. ^ Athena Jones: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". MSNBC, 27. Februar 2009, abgerufen am 2. Juli 2015.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  333. ^ Sykes, Hugh (August 19, 2010). "Last US combat brigade exits Iraq". BBC News. Retrieved December 25, 2012.
  334. ^ MacAskill, Ewen (September 1, 2010). "Barack Obama ends the war in Iraq. 'Now it's time to turn the page'". The Guardian. London.
  335. ^ "All U.S. troops out of Iraq by end of year". MSNBC. October 21, 2011. Retrieved December 25, 2012.
  336. ^ "Obama Is Sending 275 US Troops To Iraq". BusinessInsider.com. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
  337. ^ Nebehay, Stephanie: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Abgerufen am 11. Juli 2015.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  338. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Defense.gov, 31. Oktober 2014, abgerufen am 22. November 2014.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  339. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". BBC News, abgerufen am 23. August 2015.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  340. ^ Aaron Mehta: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". 19. Januar 2015, abgerufen am 23. August 2015.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  341. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Abgerufen am 23. August 2015.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  342. ^ [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Archiviert vom Original am 2015-08-13; abgerufen am 23. August 2015.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  343. ^ "Obama Calls for U.S. Military to Renew Focus on Afghanistan". NewsHour with Jim Lehrer. PBS. July 15, 2008. Archived from the original on March 27, 2010. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  344. ^ Hodge, Amanda (February 19, 2009). "Obama launches Afghanistan Surge". The Australian. Sydney.
  345. ^ "Top U.S. Commander in Afghanistan Is Fired". The Washington Post. May 12, 2009.
  346. ^ Associated Press. (December 1, 2009). "Obama details Afghan war plan, troop increases" MSNBC.
  347. ^ "Gates says he agrees with Obama decision on McChrystal". CNN. June 24, 2010. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
  348. ^ Chandrasekaran, Rajiv (February 12, 2013). "Obama wants to cut troop level in Afghanistan in half over next year". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
  349. ^ Jonathan Marcus: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". BBC News, 15. Oktober 2015, abgerufen am 15. Oktober 2015.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  350. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". 18. Februar 2011, abgerufen am 13. September 2014.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  351. ^ Levy, Elior (May 22, 2011). "PA challenges Netanyahu to accept 1967 lines." Ynetnews. Retrieved May 22, 2011.
  352. ^ Nicholas Johnston: [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". 20. Juni 2011, archiviert vom Original am 2013-06-23; abgerufen am 26. Oktober 2012.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  353. ^ Levinson, Charles (August 14, 2010)."U.S., Israel Build Military Cooperation". The Wall Street Journal (New York). Retrieved March 1, 2011.
  354. ^ Kampeas, Ron (October 26, 2012). "For Obama campaign, trying to put to rest persistent questions about 'kishkes'". Jewish Journal.
  355. ^ Goldberg, Jeffrey (January 14, 2013). "Obama: 'Israel Doesn't Know What Its Best Interests Are'". Bloomberg. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
  356. ^ Goldberg, Jeffrey. "After the Iran Deal: Obama, Netanyahu, and the Future of the Jewish State." The Atlantic. September 13, 2015. September 13, 2015.
  357. ^ "Obama reaffirms Israel's right to defend itself". The Times of Israel. July 19, 2014.
  358. ^ Collinson, Stephen; Wright, David; Labott, Elise (December 24, 2016). "US Abstains as UN Demands End to Israeli Settlements". CNN. Retrieved January 7, 2017.
  359. ^ Ravid Barak: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Haaretz, 26. Dezember 2016, abgerufen am 7. Januar 2017.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  360. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". BBC, 29. Dezember 2016, abgerufen am 7. Januar 2017.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  361. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Fox News (from the Associated Press), 6. Januar 2017, abgerufen am 7. Januar 2017.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  362. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Fox News, 5. Januar 2017, abgerufen am 7. Januar 2017.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  363. ^ Eric Cortellessa: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". The Times of Israel, 6. Januar 2017, abgerufen am 17. Januar 2017.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  364. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Senate.gov, 14. März 2011, abgerufen am 28. März 2011.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  365. ^ "Senate Passes Resolution Calling for No-Fly Zone Over Libya". National Journal. March 1, 2011. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011.
  366. ^ Winnett, Robert (March 17, 2011). "Libya: UN approves no-fly zone as British troops prepare for action". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on April 28, 2011.
  367. ^ Shackle, Samira (March 18, 2011). "Libya declares ceasefire". New Statesman blog. London. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
  368. ^ "Obama: US to Transfer Lead Role in Libya". RTT Newswire. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
  369. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  370. ^ Pannell, Ian (March 21, 2011). "Gaddafi 'not targeted' by allied strikes". BBC News. Archived from the original on June 23, 2011. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
  371. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  372. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". NATO, 25. März 2011;.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  373. ^ Montopoli, Brian (March 22, 2011). "Is Obama's Libya offensive constitutional?". CBS News. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
  374. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  375. ^ "Obama juggles Libya promises, realities". CNN. March 25, 2011. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
  376. ^ "Assad must go, Obama says". The Washington Post. August 18, 2011. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
  377. ^ "President Obama: 'The future of Syria must be determined by its people, but President Bashar al-Assad is standing in their way.'" White House website, August 18, 2011.
  378. ^ Nelson, Colleen. "Obama Says Syrian Leader Bashar al-Assad Must Go".
  379. ^ Hosenball, Mark: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Abgerufen am 19. Februar 2016.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  380. ^ Michael D. Shear; Helene Cooper; Eric Schmitt. "Obama Administration Ends Effort to Train Syrians to Combat ISIS". Retrieved February 20, 2016.
  381. ^ Phil Stewart, Kate Holton: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Abgerufen am 20. Februar 2016.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  382. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". 17. Mai 2015, abgerufen am 23. November 2015.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  383. ^ Gordon, Michael. "U.S. and Russia Reach Deal to Destroy Syria's Chemical Arms". Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  384. ^ Boghani, Priyanka. "Syria Got Rid of Its Chemical Weapons – But Reports of Attacks Continue". Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  385. ^ "Obama outlines plan to target IS fighters". Al Jazeera. September 11, 2014. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
  386. ^ Gregory Korte (October 31, 2015). "16 times Obama said there would be no boots on the ground in Syria".
  387. ^ a b c Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  388. ^ a b Philip Rucker, Scott Wilson, Anne E. Kornblut: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". 2. Mai 2011, abgerufen am 13. September 2014.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  389. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". 2. Mai 2011, abgerufen am 13. September 2014.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  390. ^ Schabner, Dean; Karen Travers (May 1, 2011). "Osama bin Laden Killed by U.S. Forces in Pakistan". ABC News. Archived from the original on May 4, 2011. Retrieved May 3, 2011.
  391. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  392. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  393. ^ Dorning, Mike (May 2, 2011). "Death of Bin Laden May Strengthen Obama's Hand in Domestic, Foreign Policy". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on May 3, 2011. Retrieved May 4, 2011.
  394. ^ "World Reaction To Osama Bin Laden's Death". NPR. May 2, 2011. Archived from the original on May 3, 2011. Retrieved May 4, 2011.
  395. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". 14. Juli 2015, abgerufen am 14. Juli 2015.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  396. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". 14. Juli 2015, abgerufen am 14. Juli 2015.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  397. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". 14. Juli 2015, abgerufen am 14. Juli 2015.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  398. ^ Warren, Strobel. "Secret talks in Canada, Vatican City led to Cuba breakthrough". Reuters. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
  399. ^ Carol Morello, Karen DeYoung: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Abgerufen am 21. Dezember 2014.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  400. ^ Dan Roberts, Richard Luscombe: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". 10. Dezember 2013, abgerufen am 15. Februar 2017.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  401. ^ Nadeau, Barbie Latza (December 17, 2014). "The Pope's Diplomatic Miracle: Ending the U.S.–Cuba Cold War". The Daily Beast. Retrieved December 18, 2014.
  402. ^ The New Republic, The Cuban Thaw Is Obama's Finest Foreign Policy Achievement to Date, by Joel Gillin, April 13, 2015.
  403. ^ "Obama announces re-establishment of U.S.-Cuba diplomatic ties". CNN. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
  404. ^ Whitefield, Mimi (July 20, 2015). "United States and Cuba reestablish diplomatic relations". The Miami Herald. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
  405. ^ Julie Hirschfeld Davis; Damien Cave (March 21, 2016). "Obama Arrives in Cuba, Heralding New Era After Decades of Hostility". The New York Times. p. A1.
  406. ^ Carol E. Lee: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Abgerufen am 29. Juli 2015.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  407. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". The White House, abgerufen am 29. Juli 2015.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  408. ^ Sarah Ferris: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Abgerufen am 30. Juli 2015.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  409. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Abgerufen am 19. Juni 2016.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  410. ^ "US election: The Russia factor: Officials say Moscow's interference is unprecedented. Has the Kremlin achieved its goal?". The FT. November 4, 2016.
  411. ^ "Let's Get Putin's Attention". The New York Times. October 5, 2016.
  412. ^ "Europeans View Obama's Exit With a Mix of Admiration and Regret". The New York Times. November 6, 2016.
  413. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found. See also:Scott, Janny (December 28, 2007). "A Member of a New Generation, Obama Walks a Fine Line". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on January 17, 2008. Retrieved April 7, 2008.
  414. ^ Payne, Les (August 19, 2007). "In One Country, a Dual Audience" (paid archive). Newsday. New York. Retrieved April 7, 2008.
  415. ^ Dorning, Mike (October 4, 2007). "Obama Reaches Across Decades to JFK" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. Retrieved April 7, 2008. See also:Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  416. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  417. ^ [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] YouTube, archiviert vom Original am 2010-02-20; abgerufen am 18. April 2010.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  418. ^ Dyson, Michael Eric. (2016). The Black Presidency: Barack Obama and the Politics of Race in America. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 275. ISBN 978-0-544-38766-9.
  419. ^ [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] Gallup.com, 24. Januar 2009, archiviert vom Original am 2011-06-16; abgerufen am 19. Juni 2011.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  420. ^ "Obama hits low point in Gallup Poll Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 41%". USA Today. April 15, 2011. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
  421. ^ Jon Terbush: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com, 9. Dezember 2010, abgerufen am 19. Juni 2011.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  422. ^ Oliphant, James (May 11, 2011). "Bin Laden bounce? New poll shows jump in Obama approval". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  423. ^ Dan Balz, John Cohen: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Nash Holdings LLC, 6. Juni 2011, abgerufen am 7. Juni 2011.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  424. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Gallup.com, abgerufen am 23. Juni 2015.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  425. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". 22. Januar 2015, abgerufen am 23. März 2015.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  426. ^ "World wants Obama as president: poll". ABC News. Reuters. September 9, 2008.
  427. ^ Richard Wike, Jacob Poushter, Hani Zainulbhai: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Pew Research Center, 29. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 23. Februar 2017.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  428. ^ Freed, John C. (February 6, 2009). "Poll shows Obama atop list of most respected". The New York Times. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
  429. ^ "Obama Most Popular Leader, Poll Finds". The New York Times. May 29, 2009. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
  430. ^ "Obama remains a popular symbol of hope". France 24. June 2, 2009. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
  431. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  432. ^ Strange, Hannah (March 5, 2008). "Celebrities join YouTube revolution". The Times. London. Retrieved December 18, 2008. (subscription required)
  433. ^ Wappler, Margaret (June 20, 2008). "Emmys give knuckle bump to will.i.am; more videos on the way". Los Angeles Times blogs. Archived from the original on May 16, 2011. Retrieved January 26, 2012.
  434. ^ Michael Scherer: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". 19. Dezember 2012, abgerufen am 19. Dezember 2012.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  435. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  436. ^ Barack Obama: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". 25. Mai 2011, abgerufen am 14. Juni 2014.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  437. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Parliament of the United Kingdom, 21. April 2010, abgerufen am 14. Juni 2014.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  438. ^ [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] Nobel Foundation, archiviert vom Original am 2009-10-10; abgerufen am 9. Oktober 2009.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  439. ^ "Obama: 'Peace requires responsibility'". CNN. December 10, 2009. Retrieved May 21, 2011.
  440. ^ Philp, Catherine (October 10, 2009). "Barack Obama's peace prize starts a fight". The Times. London. Retrieved October 10, 2009.(subscription required)
  441. ^ Samuelsohn, Darren (October 9, 2009). "Obama Wins Nobel Prize in Part for Confronting 'Great Climatic Challenges'". The New York Times. Greenwire. Archived from the original on April 15, 2010. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  442. ^ Sharon Otterman (October 9, 2009). "World Reaction to a Nobel Surprise". The New York Times. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
  443. ^ "Obama Peace Prize win has Americans asking why?". Reuters. October 9, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
  444. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". MSNBC, abgerufen am 13. September 2014.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  445. ^ "Obama is surprise winner of Nobel Peace Prize". Reuters. October 9, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
  446. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Abgerufen am 13. September 2014.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  447. ^ Steven Erlanger (October 10, 2009). "Surprise Nobel for Obama Stirs Praise and Doubts". The New York Times. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
  448. ^ "Obama's win unique among presidents". CNN. October 9, 2009.
  449. ^ Adam Taylor: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Abgerufen am 4. Februar 2016.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  450. ^ Korte, Gregory (January 20, 2017). "Inside Barack Obama's final hours in the White House". USA Today.
  451. ^ Kosinski, Michelle; Daniella Diaz (27 May 2016). "Peek inside Obama's post-presidential pad". CNN. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  452. ^ Clio Chang: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". 23. Februar 2017, abgerufen am 7. August 2017.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  453. ^ Zach Carter, Daniel Marans: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". 16. Dezember 2016;.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  454. ^ [Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum, 2. März 2017, archiviert vom Original am 2017-04-08; abgerufen am 8. April 2017.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  455. ^ Shear, Michael D. (April 24, 2017). "Obama Steps Back Into Public Life, Trying to Avoid One Word: Trump". The New York Times.
  456. ^ "Obama endorses Macron in French election". Politico. May 4, 2017.
  457. ^ "Obama: 'You get the politicians you deserve'". Politico. May 9, 2017.
  458. ^ Dovere, Edward-Isaac (May 25, 2017). "Obama in Berlin: 'We can’t hide behind a wall'". Politico.
  459. ^ Seipel, Brooke (May 27, 2017). "Obama visits Prince Harry at Kensington Palace". The Hill.
  460. ^ Lee, MJ (June 1, 2017). "Obama pans Trump withdrawal from climate deal". CNN.
  461. ^ Savransky, Rebecca (July 3, 2017). "Obama praises Paris climate deal despite Trump's withdrawal". The Hill.
  462. ^ Schor, Elana (June 14, 2017). "Obama reaches out to Sen. Flake after shooting". Politico.
  463. ^ Greenwood, Max (June 22, 2017). "Obama slams 'fundamental meanness' of Senate healthcare bill". The Hill.
  464. ^ Abramson, Alana (September 20, 2017). "Barack Obama Criticizes '50th or 60th' Attempt to Repeal the Affordable Care Act". Time.
  465. ^ Liptak, Kevin (September 5, 2017). "Obama slams Trump for rescinding DACA, calls move 'cruel'". CNN.
  466. ^ Shelbourne, Mallory (September 10, 2017). "Former presidents fundraise for Irma disaster relief". The Hill. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
  467. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Barack Obama Foundation;Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  468. ^ a b "Obama Legacy Will Be Recovery from Recession, Affordable Care Act". ABC News. January 20, 2017. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
  469. ^ Oberlander, Jonathan (1 June 2010). "Long Time Coming: Why Health Reform Finally Passed". Health Affairs. 29 (6): 1112–1116. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0447. ISSN 0278-2715.
  470. ^ Blumenthal, David; Abrams, Melinda; Nuzum, Rachel (18 June 2015). "The Affordable Care Act at 5 Years". New England Journal of Medicine. 372 (25): 2451–2458. doi:10.1056/NEJMhpr1503614. ISSN 0028-4793.
  471. ^ Cohen, Alan B.; Colby, David C.; Wailoo, Keith A.; Zelizer, Julian E. (1 June 2015). Medicare and Medicaid at 50: America's Entitlement Programs in the Age of Affordable Care. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190231569.
  472. ^ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay; Pear, Robert (23 March 2010). "Obama Signs Health Care Overhaul Into Law". The New York Times.
  473. ^ Vicini, James; Stempel, Jonathan; Biskupic, Joan (28 June 2017). "Top court upholds healthcare law in Obama triumph". Reuters.
  474. ^ Long, Heather (6 January 2017). "Final tally: Obama created 11.3 million jobs". CNN Money.
  475. ^ "Barack Obama's Legacy: Dodd-Frank Wall Street reform". CBS News. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
  476. ^ David Crary, LGBT activists view Obama as staunch champion of their cause, Associated Press (January 4, 2017).
  477. ^ Elisabeth Bumiller, Obama Ends 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' Policy, New York Times (July 22, 2011).
  478. ^ Merrit Kennedy (June 30, 2016). "Pentagon Says Transgender Troops Can Now Serve Openly". NPR.
  479. ^ Michael Smith & Frank Newport, Americans Assess Progress Under Obama, The Gallup Organization (January 9, 2017).
  480. ^ Jakob Reimann: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". 11. Januar 2017, abgerufen am 11. März 2017.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär[unreliable source?]
  481. ^ Parsons, Christi; Hennigan, W. J. (January 13, 2017). "President Obama, who hoped to sow peace, instead led the nation in war". Los Angeles Times.
  482. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  483. ^ John Gramlich: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". 5. Januar 2017;.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  484. ^ "Obama leaving office at 60% approval rating". UPI. Retrieved 2017-02-26.
  485. ^ Director, Jennifer Agiesta, CNN Polling. "Obama approval hits 60% as end of term approaches". CNN. Retrieved 2017-02-26. {{cite news}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  486. ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". C-SPAN, 2017, abgerufen am 11. März 2017.Vorlage:Cite web/temporär
  487. ^ Von Drehle, David (February 17, 2017). "Barack Obama Ranked 12th Best U.S. President Ever in Major Survey of Historians". Time. Retrieved February 18, 2017. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

References

Further reading

  • Graff, Garrett M. (November 1, 2006). "The Legend of Barack Obama". Washingtonian. Archived from the original on February 14, 2008. Retrieved January 14, 2008. 
  • Koltun, Dave (2005). "The 2004 Illinois Senate Race: Obama Wins Open Seat and Becomes National Political "Star"". In Ahuja, Sunil; Dewhirst, Robert. The Road to Congress 2004. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers. ISBN 978-1-59454-360-9. 
  • Lizza, Ryan (September 2007). "Above the Fray". GQ. Retrieved October 27, 2010. 
  • MacFarquhar, Larissa (May 7, 2007). "The Conciliator: Where is Barack Obama Coming From?". The New Yorker. Retrieved January 14, 2008. 
  • McClelland, Edward (2010). Young Mr. Obama: Chicago and the Making of a Black President. New York: Bloomsbury Press. ISBN 978-1-60819-060-7. 
  • Zutter, Hank De (December 8, 1995). "What Makes Obama Run?". Chicago Reader. Retrieved April 25, 2015. 

External links

Official

Other