User:Lightbreather/sandbox

From Beta Wikipedia

Keeping busy while the craziness unfolds at ANI[edit]

In the United States since the 1980s, magazine capacity has become a subject of debate when discussing civilian firearms. Many assault weapon bans since then have included or been accompanied by high-capacity or large-capacity magazine bans. High-capacity or large-capacity magazines are generally considered to be those capable of holding more than 10 rounds, although legal definitions vary.[1] The National Rifle Association (NRA) defines high-capacity magazine as "[an] inexact, non-technical term indicating a magazine holding more rounds than might be considered 'average.'"[2] In 2011, the rabbinic director of Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership (JPFO) wrote an essay subtitled "Five Reasons Why You Should Want High Capacity Magazines."[3] Some commentators and gun rights advocates call such devices "so-called high-capacity magazines."[4][5] The debate regarding magazine capacity started anew in the U.S. after the December 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. In January 2013, President Barack Obama included a ban on gun magazines with capacities of more than 10 rounds in a list of gun-control laws he asked Congress to pass.[6]

Section title TBD[edit]

References[edit]

  1. Veronica Rose: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Connecticut General Assembly, 24. Januar 2013, abgerufen am 9. April 2014.
  2. Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". NRA Institute for Legislative Action, 2013, abgerufen am 9. April 2014.
  3. Dovid Bendory: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". 2011, abgerufen am 9. April 2014.
  4. Damon Root: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Reason Foundation, 7. März 2014, abgerufen am 9. April 2014.
  5. Kurt Nimmo: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". 11. März 2014, abgerufen am 9. April 2014.
  6. "Obama announces 23 executive actions, asks Congress to pass gun laws". CNN. January 16, 2013. Retrieved April 9, 2014.

Further reading[edit]

Gun control bans/sanctions[edit]

Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Gun control

  • AndyTheGrump - reminded 30 April 2014
  • Gaijin42 - topic banned 30 April 2014
  • Goethean - reminded 30 April 2014
  • Justanonymous - topic banned 30 April 2014
  • North8000 - site and topic banned 30 April 2014
  • ROG5728 - topic banned 30 April 2014
Discretionary sanction notifications
  • Scalhotrod 6 May 2014 by Callanecc [2]
  • Lightbreather 6 May 2014 by Callanecc [3]
  • Collect 6 May 2014 by Lightbreather [4]

Unused bibliography from Gun control[edit]

Background - 17 March 2013 tweaked w/ input from N8[edit]

Efforts to create a federal assault weapons ban intensified in 1989 after 34 children and a teacher were shot in Stockton, Calif., using a semi-automatic replica of an AK-47 assault rifle. Five children died.[1][2][3] The ban tried to address public concerns about mass shootings by restricting firearms that met the criteria for what it defined as a "semiautomatic assault weapon," as well as magazines that met the criteria for what it defined as a "large capacity ammunition feeding device." [4]: 1–2 

In November 1993, the ban passed the U.S. Senate, although its author, Dianne Feinstein, D-CA, and other advocates said that it was a weakened version of the original proposal.[5] In May 1994, former presidents Gerald R. Ford, Jimmy Carter, and Ronald Reagan, wrote to the U.S. House of Representatives in support of banning "semi-automatic assault guns." They cited a 1993 CNN/USA Today/Gallup Poll that found 77 percent of Americans supported a ban on the manufacture, sale, and possession of such weapons.[6] Rep. Jack Brooks, D-TX, then chair of the House Judiciary Committee, tried to remove the ban from the crime bill but failed.[7]

The National Rifle Association (NRA) opposed the ban. In November 1993, NRA spokesman Bill McIntyre said that semi-automatic weapons were used in only 1 percent of crimes, but 2 million times a year by citizens for self defense.[8]

The ban passed in September 1994, but expired in 2004 and is now defunct.

Background on the ban - merging versions below[edit]

Efforts to create a federal assault weapons ban intensified in 1989 after 34 children and a teacher were shot in Stockton, Calif., using a semi-automatic replica of an AK-47 assault rifle. Five children died.[9][10][11]: 10  President George H.W. Bush banned the import of semiautomatic rifles in March 1989,[12] and made the ban permanent in July.[13] The assault weapons ban included a ban on high-capacity magazines and tried to address public concern about mass shootings. [4]: 1–2 

In November 1993, the ban passed the U.S. Senate, although its author, Dianne Feinstein, D-CA, and other advocates said that it was a weakened version of the original proposal.[5] In May 1994, former presidents Gerald R. Ford, Jimmy Carter, and Ronald Reagan, wrote to the U.S. House of Representatives in support of banning "semi-automatic assault guns." They cited a 1993 CNN/USA Today/Gallup Poll that found 77 percent of Americans supported a ban on the manufacture, sale, and possession of such weapons.[6] Rep. Jack Brooks, D-TX, then chair of the House Judiciary Committee, tried to remove the ban from the crime bill but failed.[7]

The National Rifle Association (NRA) opposed the ban. In November 1993, NRA spokesman Bill McIntyre said that semi-automatic weapons were used in only 1 percent of crimes, but 2 million times a year by citizens for self defense.[8]

The ban passed in September 1994, but expired in 2004 and is now defunct.

Origins of the ban - 1 OCT 2013 version by "A"[edit]

The Public Safety and Recreational Firearms Use Protection Act - commonly called the "assault weapons ban," the "federal assault weapons ban," and the "AWB" - was part (Title XI, Subtitle A) of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994[14] - also called the "crime bill."

Efforts to create a federal assault weapons ban began in 1989 after 34 children and a teacher were shot in Stockton, Calif., using a semi-automatic replica of an AK-47 assault rifle.[10]

In November 1993, the ban passed the U.S. Senate, although its author, Dianne Feinstein, D-CA, and other advocates said that it was a weakened version of the original proposal.[5]

In May 1994, former presidents Gerald R. Ford, Jimmy Carter, and Ronald Reagan, wrote to the U.S. House of Representatives in support of banning "semi-automatic assault guns." They cited a 1993 CNN/USA Today/Gallup Poll that found 77 percent of Americans supported a ban on the manufacture, sale, and possession of such weapons.[6] Rep. Jack Brooks, D-TX, then chair of the House Judiciary Committee, tried to remove the ban from the crime bill but failed.[7]

The National Rifle Association (NRA) opposed the ban. In November 1993, NRA spokesman Bill McIntyre said that semi-automatic weapons were used in only 1 percent of crimes, but 2 million times a year by citizens for self defense.[8]

Background - 15 MARCH 2014 version by "L" w/ additions by "S"[edit]

In January 1989, 34 children and a teacher were shot in Stockton, Calif., using a semi-automatic replica of an AK-47 assault rifle. Five children died.[9][10][11]: 10  President George H.W. Bush banned the import of semiautomatic rifles in March 1989,[12] and made the ban permanent in July.[13] The assault weapons ban included a ban on high-capacity magazines and tried to address public concern about mass shootings. [4]: 1–2 

In November 1993, the ban passed the U.S. Senate, although its author, Dianne Feinstein, D-CA, and other advocates said that it was a weakened version of the original proposal.[5] In May 1994, former presidents Gerald R. Ford, Jimmy Carter, and Ronald Reagan, wrote to the U.S. House of Representatives in support of banning "semi-automatic assault guns." They cited a 1993 CNN/USA Today/Gallup Poll that said 77 percent of Americans supported a ban on the manufacture, sale, and possession of such weapons.[6] In July 1994, Rep. Jack Brooks, D-TX, then chair of the House Judiciary Committee, tried to remove the ban from the crime bill but failed.[7]

The ban passed in September 1994 as part (Title XI, Subtitle A) of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act.[15] The ban expired in 2004, and is now defunct.

  1. "Senate restricts assault weapon imports, production". The Pittsburgh Press. Associated Press. May 23, 1990. p. A13. Retrieved September 30, 2013. A campaign for curbs on assault weapons began in January 1989 after a deranged gunman with an AK-47 semiautomatic assault rifle opened fire on a Stockton, Calif., school yard at recess time, leaving five children dead and 30 wounded.
  2. Pazniokas, Mark (December 20, 1993). "One Gun's Journey Into A Crime". The Courant. Hartford, Connecticut. Retrieved September 30, 2013. The campaign to ban assault weapons began Jan. 17, 1989, after Patrick Purdy shot 34 children and a teacher in a Stockton, Calif., schoolyard, using a semiautomatic replica of an AK-47 assault rifle.
  3. More Stockton schoolyard shooting sources:
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Bunting, Glenn F. (November 9, 1993). "Feinstein Faces Fight for Diluted Gun Bill". Los Angeles Time. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Bunting 931109" defined multiple times with different content
  6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Eaton, William J. (May 5, 1994). "Ford, Carter, Reagan Push for Gun Ban". Los Angeles Times.
  7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Seelye, Katharine Q. (July 28, 1994). "Assault Weapons Ban Allowed To Stay in Anti-crime Measure". The New York Times.
  8. 8.0 8.1 8.2 "Senate Acts To Ban Assault Weapons: Brady Bill Still Awaiting Action". Chicago Tribune. November 18, 1993.
  9. 9.0 9.1 "Senate restricts assault weapon imports, production". The Pittsburgh Press. Associated Press. May 23, 1990. p. A13.
  10. 10.0 10.1 10.2 Pazniokas, Mark (December 20, 1993). "One Gun's Journey Into A Crime". The Courant. Hartford, CT.
  11. 11.0 11.1 Roth, Jeffrey A.; Koper, Christopher S. (1997). "Impact Evaluation of the Public Safety and Recreational Firearms Use Protection Act of 1994" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. 12.0 12.1 Mohr, Charles (March 15, 1989). "U.S. Bans Imports of Assault Rifles in Shift by Bush". The New York Times.
  13. 13.0 13.1 Rasky, Susan F. (July 8, 1989). "Import Ban on Assault Rifles Becomes Permanent". The New York Times.
  14. Public Safety and Recreational Firearms Use Protection Act, H.R.3355, 103rd Congress (1993-1994), Government Printing Office.
  15. 103rd Congress: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". (PDF) Government Printing Office, 1994, S. 201-215;.

Legal challenges[edit]

In a February 2013 Congressional Research Service report to the U.S. Congress titled Federal Assault Weapons Ban: Legal Issues, Vivian S. Chu said that the "Assault Weapons Ban of 1994 was unsuccessfully challenged as violating several constitutional provisions."[1]: 10  Per the report, challenges to three constitutional provisions were easily dismissed by the courts, but challenges to two other provisions took more time to decide.

The ban did not make up an impermissible Bill of Attainder.[1]: 10 [2]: 31  It was not unconstitutionally vague.[1]: 10 [3] And it was not incompatible with the Ninth Amendment.[1]: 10 [4]

In evaluating challenges to the ban under the Commerce Clause, the court first evaluated Congress’ authority to regulate under the clause, and second analyzed the ban’s prohibitions on manufacture, transfer, and possession. The court held that "it is not even arguable that the manufacture and transfer of 'semiautomatic assault weapons' for a national market cannot be regulated as activity substantially affecting interstate commerce."[1]: 11–12 [2]: 12  It also held that the "purpose of the ban on possession has an 'evident commercial nexus.'"[1]: 12 [2]: 14 

Opponents also challenged the law under the Equal Protection Clause. They argued that it banned some semi-automatic weapons that were functional equivalents of exempted semi-automatic weapons and that to do so based upon a mix of other characteristics served no legitimate governmental interest. The reviewing court held that it was "entirely rational for Congress ... to choose to ban those weapons commonly used for criminal purposes and to exempt those weapons commonly used for recreational purposes."[1]: 13 [5] It also found that each characteristic served to make the weapon "potentially more dangerous," and were not "commonly used on weapons designed solely for hunting."[1]: 13–14 [6]

The federal assault weapons ban was never directly challenged under the Second Amendment. Since its expiration in 2004 there has been debate on how it would fare in light of cases decided in following years, especially District of Columbia v. Heller (2008).

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Vivian S. Chu, Legislative Attorney: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Congressional Research Service, 14. Februar 2013, abgerufen am 14. August 2013.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 Template:Cite court
  3. Template:Cite court
  4. Template:Cite court
  5. Template:Cite court
  6. Template:Cite court

(Gun control) Terminology and context[edit]

The concept of gun control is a subset of a much greater, yet equally global, topic, arms control. In the context of this article, the concept of gun control is in reference to various means of restrictions on the use, transport, and possession of firearms. Specifically with regard to the class of weapons referred to as small arms. On a global scale this context is sometimes expanded to include light weapons; also known in the arms trade as SALW. From the perspective of military small arms, this encompasses: revolvers, pistols, submachine guns, carbines, assault rifles, battle rifles, multiple barrel firearms, sniper rifles, squad automatic weapons, light machine guns (e.g. M60), and sometimes hand grenades, shotguns, general-purpose machine guns, medium machine guns, and grenade launchers may be considered small arms or as support weapons, depending on the particular armed forces. Other groups utilizing these types of arms may also include government sanctioned non-military personnel such as law enforcement agencies.

From a civilian (meaning via private, individual ownership) perspective and varying via legislation from country to country this encompasses a subset of the above list. Usually limited to: revolvers, pistols, carbines, hunting rifles, sporting rifles, and shotguns.

Separate, yet integral, to the concept of gun control are the individuals and companies that comprise the global arms industry. The arms industry is a global business which manufactures weapons and military technology and equipment. It consists of commercial industry involved in research, development, production, sale, and transport. Many industrialized countries have a domestic arms industry to supply their own military forces. Some countries also have a substantial legal or illegal domestic trade in weapons for use by its citizens. An illegal trade in small arms is prevalent in many countries and regions affected by political instability.

Narrow scope[edit]

Gun control is similar to arms control except that gun control deals with a government's domestic policies regarding civilian ownership and use of small arms like pistols, rifles, and shotguns. Arms control typically deals with international treaties regarding conventional weapons, including small arms and light weapons (SALW), as well as weapons of mass destruction.

Agreement with SR[edit]

Agreement reached 17 FEB 2104 with SR.

1. Give other editors 72 hours to respond to our edits first.
2. If after that time we respond, we do so with one-issue-at-a-time edits/reversions with proper edit summaries per WP:EDSUM How to summarize.
3. That our talk-page comments be WP:CIVIL with no WP:PERSONAL attacks. And...
4. If either slips up the other will AGF and leave a friendly reminder on the other's talk page.

Proposal for 12 months; agreed to a few weeks? (Maybe five months?)

--Lightbreather (talk) 19:41, 17 February 2014 (UTC)

Temporarily hold Brady text[edit]

Jim Brady was press secretary to President Ronald Reagan when both he and the president, along with Secret Service agent Tim McCarthy and District of Columbia police officer Thomas Delehanty, were shot on March 30, 1981, during an assassination attempt by John Hinckley, Jr. Brady was shot in the head and suffered a serious wound that left him partially paralyzed for life.[1]

John Hinckley, Jr., bought the .22 caliber Röhm RG-14 revolver used in the shooting at a Dallas, Texas, pawn shop on October 13, 1980. In a purchase application that he filled out before taking possession of the revolver, he provided a false home address on the form and showed an old Texas driver's license as "proof" that he lived there. This constituted a felony offense. Additionally, Hinckley had been arrested four days earlier at the Metropolitan Airport in Nashville, Tennessee, when he attempted to board an American Airlines flight for New York with three handguns and some loose ammunition in his carry-on bag.[2] That same day, President Jimmy Carter was in Nashville and scheduled to travel to New York. Finally, Hinckley had been under psychiatric care prior to his gun purchase.

References

  1. Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Bradycampaign.org, abgerufen am 16. Dezember 2012.
  2. Template:Cite newspaper

History of The Sentence[edit]

June 26, 2008 (day of Heller ruling) the sentence (in the lead) went from this:

For the last several decades, this debate has been characterized by stalemate between those who believe in an individual right to firearms and those who believe in the duty of government to legislate gun laws to prevent crime and maintain order.[1][2]

To this:

For the last several decades, this debate has been characterized by stalemate between debate on an individual's right to firearms under the Constitution and the duty of government to legislate gun laws to prevent crime and maintain order.[1][2]

Same date, related sentence (first in Overview section) went from this:

Gun politics in the United States, viewed in its simplest form, contrasts the belief held by some that all regulation of guns violates the Second Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, and others who view that the U.S. Supreme Court has never ruled against the constitutionality of reasonable regulation of guns and the prohibition of private possession of certain types of weapons.[3]

To this:

Gun politics in the United States, viewed in its simplest form, contrasts the right of the individual to own a gun as protected by the Second Amendment of the U.S Constitution and the responsibility of government to regulate guns to control crime and maintain order.[3]

Later same day, these sentences went from this:

The question the Supreme Court justices posed is whether the provisions of the D.C. statute “violate the Second Amendment rights of individuals who are not affiliated with any state-regulated militia, but who wish to keep handguns and other firearms for private use in their homes.”[4] On March 18 2008, the United States Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case.[5][6] A decision is expected by the end of June.[7]

To this:

This decision strikes down the DC gun law. It also clarifies the scope of the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution, stating that it innumerates an individual right irrespective of membership in a militia. However, the court made it clear that like other rights, the right to bear arms is not without limitations, leaving open the prospect of reasonable governmental regulation.

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Wilcox, Clyde; Bruce, John W. (1998). The changing politics of gun control. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. pg 4. ISBN 0-8476-8615-9. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. 2.0 2.1 Spitzer, Robert J.: The Politics of Gun Control, Chapter 1. Chatham House Publishers, 1995.
  3. 3.0 3.1 Wilcox, Clyde; Bruce, John W. (1998). The changing politics of gun control. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. pg 3. ISBN 0-8476-8615-9. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Wilcox3" defined multiple times with different content
  4. New York Times, Linda Greenhouse, Nov. 21, 2007. Justices to Decide on Right to Keep Handgun
  5. Transcript and audio recording of oral argument.
  6. Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". (pdf) United States Supreme Court, 18. März 2008, abgerufen am 8. Mai 2008.
  7. Courts weighs right to own guns [1]

Firearm deaths[edit]

Updating section with more current info... though it looks like I have to stop what I'm doing again while I deal with SR drama.

Firearm death rates are often given in the number of deaths per 100,000 persons per year. In 2011, the total U.S. death rate was 10.3, of which 3.6 were homicide; 6.3 were suicide; 0.3 were unintentional; and 0.1 were undetermined.[1] According to a July 2012 report, of 107 countries where complete data was available, the U.S. ranked 41st out of 107 for total homicides per capita, and 28th in gun homicides per capita.[2]Template:Check According to a September 2013 study published in the American Journal of Medicine, the U.S. has the highest rate of gun ownership and firearm deaths among 27 developed countries.[3][4]

Gun control and gun rights advocates often compare U.S. gun violence to that of other, individual countries. For example, Brazil has stricter guns laws than the U.S., but a higher homicide rate.[5] The United Kingdom has very restrictive firearm laws (handguns are totally prohibited, for example) and a lower homicide rate.[6]

Country Homicides Suicides Unintentional Undetermined Total
United States 3.60 6.3 0 0.30 0.10 10.3
Australia 0.13 0.73 0.07 0.13 1.06
Brazil 18.1 0.74 0.18 0.01 19.03
Canada 0.50 1.79 0.08 0.01 2.38
Israel 0.94 0.71 0.03 0.19 1.87
Switzerland 0.52 3.15 0.10 0.07 3.84
United Kingdom 0.04 0.18 0.01 0.02 .25

Those concerned about high levels of gun violence in the United States in comparison to other developed countries look to restrictions on gun ownership as a way to stem the violence.[7][8] Those supportive of long-standing rights to keep and bear arms point to the Second Amendment of the Constitution, which some interpret as specifically preventing infringement of the "right of the people to keep and bear arms", independent of serving in a militia, as the means by which to stem the violence.[9][10]

Within the gun politics debate, gun control advocates and gun rights advocates disagree on more practical questions as well. There is an ongoing debate over the role that guns play in crime. Gun-rights groups say that a well-armed citizenry prevents crime and that making civilian ownership of firearms illegal would increase the crime rate by making law-abiding citizens vulnerable to those who choose to disregard the law.[11][12] They note that more people defend themselves with a gun every year than the police arrest for violent crimes and burglary[13] and that private citizens legally shoot almost as many criminals as public police officers do.[14] Some gun control organizations say that increased gun ownership leads to higher levels of crime, suicide and other negative outcomes.

unfinished business[edit]

Within the gun politics debate, gun control advocates and gun rights advocates disagree on more practical questions as well. There is an ongoing debate over the role that guns play in crime. Gun-rights groups say that a well-armed citizenry prevents crime and that making civilian ownership of firearms illegal would increase the crime rate by making law-abiding citizens vulnerable to those who choose to disregard the law.[11][12] They note that more people defend themselves with a gun every year than the police arrest for violent crimes and burglary[15] and that private citizens legally shoot almost as many criminals as public police officers do.[16] Some gun control organizations say that increased gun ownership leads to higher levels of crime, suicide and other negative outcomes.[who?] Others point to successes outside the US such as in the UK, which passed bans after the 1996 Dunblane massacre.[who?] There has been only one mass shooting since, in 2010, in marked contrast to the US over the same period.[17]

(Spitzer) On the American presidency[edit]

Spitzer's first book, The Presidency and Public Policy, challenged the model for presidential success espoused by Richard E. Neustadt with a policy approach based on Theodore J. Lowi's "arenas of power." Spitzer argued that the type of policy proposed by a president, not personal political skill, shaped the president's success in Congress. Michael A. Genovese felt "a more explicit application" to Lyndon Johnson's and Ronald Reagan's early years would have improved Spitzer's study, but otherwise gave it a collegial thumbs-up.[18]

Prior to The Presidential Veto, there had been no analytical, book-length account of the subject since the 19th Century. Spitzer's work examines its history and concludes that the presidential veto has lost the revisionary power as the Founder's understood it at the Constitutional Convention. Melvin A. Kulbicki called the book an excellent text and a "well-written blend of theory and practical politics."[19]

Spitzer served as president[20] of the Presidency Research Group of the American Political Science Association from 2001-2003.

other/unused sources[edit]

  • "Best, James J. (Spring 1993). "President and Congress: Executive Hegemony at the Crossroads of American Government, by Robert J. Spitzer". Political Science Quarterly (Review). Academy of Political Science. 108 (1): 178–179. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)"
  • "Jehl, Douglas (February 12, 1995). "Clinton Promises to Veto Measure on Police Funding". New York Times. wsj.com. Retrieved January 18, 2014."
  • "Dreazen, Yochi J. (February 9, 2006). "Expert on Congress's Power Claims He Was Muzzled for Faulting Bush". Wall Street Journal. wsj.com. Retrieved January 18, 2014."
  • "Spitzer, Robert J. (January 8, 2008). "The 'pocket veto' peril". Los Angeles Times (Opinion). latimes.com. Retrieved January 18, 2014."
  • "Pershing, Ben (January 12, 2010). "House to vote on Obama's first veto". Washington Post. washingtonpost.com. Retrieved January 18, 2014."
  • ""News Detail:SUNY Cortland" (Press release). State University of New York College at Cortland. October 24, 2011. Retrieved January 18, 2014." (About predicting outcome of 2012 presidential election. This source is already cited elsewhere in main article.)

References

  1. Philip Alpers, Amelie Rossetti, Daniel Salinas, Marcus Wilson: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, 8. Januar 2014, abgerufen am 23. Januar 2014.
  2. Rogers, Simon (July 22, 2012). "Gun homicides and gun ownership listed by country". Guardian News. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
  3. Ghose, Tia (September 20, 2013). "Areas with higher gun ownership rates have more firearms-related deaths, study finds". Fox News. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
  4. Bangalore, Sripal; Messerli, Franz H. (October 2013). "Gun Ownership and Firearm-related Deaths". American Journal of Medicine. Elsevier Inc. 126 (10): 873–876. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  5. Philip Alpers, Marcus Wilson: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, 7. November 2013, abgerufen am 23. Januar 2014.
  6. Philip Alpers, Marcus Wilson, Amelie Rossetti, Daniel Salinas: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, 8. Januar 2014, abgerufen am 23. Januar 2014.
  7. "Firearm-related deaths in the United States and 35 other high- and upper-middle income countries", International Journal of Epidemiology (1998) Vol 27, pages 214-221
  8. "The Seventh United Nations Survey on Crime Trends and the Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (1998 - 2000)", United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
  9. More Gun Control, More Crime by Miguel A. Faria, Jr., MD. Human Events, July 9, 1999
  10. Women, Guns and Disinformation by Miguel A. Faria, Jr., MD
  11. 11.0 11.1 Public Health and Gun Control — A Review (Part I: The Benefits of Firearms) by Miguel A. Faria, Jr., MD
  12. 12.0 12.1 Public Health and Gun Control — A Review (Part II: Gun Violence and Constitutional Issues) by Miguel A. Faria, Jr., MD
  13. Evers, Williamson M. (1994). "Victim's Rights, Restitution, and Retribution". Independent Institute: 7. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  14. California Department of Justice, Bureau of Criminal Statistics and Special Services (1981). "Homicide in California". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  15. Evers, Williamson M. (1994). "Victim's Rights, Restitution, and Retribution". Independent Institute: 7. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  16. California Department of Justice, Bureau of Criminal Statistics and Special Services (1981). "Homicide in California". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  17. Faiola, Anthony (February 1, 2013). "After shooting tragedies, Britain goes after guns". Washington Post. washingtonpost.com. Retrieved January 13, 2014.
  18. Michael A. Genovese: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Loyola Marymount University, 1985, abgerufen am 18. Januar 2014.
  19. Melvin A. Kulbicki: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Villanova University, 1988, abgerufen am 18. Januar 2014.
  20. Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Russell D. Renka, abgerufen am 18. Januar 2014.

Draft lead 2[edit]

Here is my draft proposal (for Gun politics in the United States).

Unfinished until I can determine SR's interest in the article.

Gun politics in the United States has been a controversial issue since the country's founding. In the 1800s, the Second Amendment's meaning and scope was debated before the U.S. Supreme Court four times. Since passage of the Gun Control Act of 1968, the Stockton schoolyard shooting of 1989, and passage of the Brady Bill and the Assault Weapons Ban in early 1990s, debate has focused on the individual citizen's right to bear arms, the state's power to regulate, and how both effect gun crime. More recently, since the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting of 2012, mental health and gun deaths and injuries, regardless of cause, are receiving more attention.
As of 2013, gun owners say they have them for: personal safety and protection (60 percent); hunting (36 percent); recreation and sport (13 percent); target shooting (8 percent); and Second Amendment right (5 percent). Some gun-rights advocates are motivated by a fear of tyranny. Gun-control advocates want bans on assault weapons and high-capacity magazines. The majority of both armed and unarmed U.S. citizens support expanded background checks on firearms purchases.
In 1939, in U.S. v. Miller, the Supreme Court held that firearm registration was constitutional and that firearms could be regulated under the federal government's authority to tax. In split decisions in 2008 and 2010, the Court affirmed the individual's right to keep arms for self-defense, though it and lower courts also affirm the constitutional right of Congress and states to regulate firearms.

Introduction[edit]

The assessment system used by the Firearms WikiProject to rate article quality consists of two parallel quality scales; one scale is used to assess regular prose articles, while the other is used to assess lists and similar non-prose articles. The progression of articles along these scales is described in greater detail below. (Thanks to the WP:WEAPON project for the standards.)

Prose article List article
Stub The first stage of an article's evolution is called a stub. A stub is an extremely short article that provides a basic description of the topic at best; it includes very little meaningful content, and may be little more than a dictionary definition. At this stage, it is often impossible to determine whether the topic should be covered by a prose article or a list, so this assessment level is shared between the two scales.
Start List A stub that undergoes some development will progress to the next stage of article evolution. An article at this stage provides some meaningful content, but is typically incomplete and lacks adequate references, structure, and supporting materials. At this stage, it becomes possible to distinguish between prose articles and lists; depending on its form, an article at this level will be assessed as a Start-Class prose article or a List-Class list.
C colspan="2" Template:CL-Class As the article continues to develop, it will reach the C-Class level. At this stage, the article is reasonably structured and contains substantial content and supporting materials, but may still be incomplete or poorly referenced. As articles progress to this stage, the assessment process begins to take on a more structured form, and specific criteria are introduced against which articles are rated.
B colspan="2" Template:BL-Class An article that reaches the B-Class level is complete in content and structure, adequately referenced, and includes reasonable supporting materials; overall, it provides a satisfactory encyclopedic presentation of the topic for the average reader, although it may not be written to the standard that would be expected by an expert. Articles at this stage commonly undergo peer review to solicit ideas for further improvement. B-Class is the final assessment level that can be reached without undergoing a formal review process, and is a reasonable goal for newer editors.
GA After reaching the B-Class level, an article may be submitted for assessment as a good article. Good articles must meet a set of criteria similar to those required for the B-Class assessment level, and must additionally undergo the formal good article review process. This assessment level is available only for prose articles; no comparable level exists for lists.
A-Class article A colspan="2" Template:AL-Class A good or B-Class article that has undergone additional improvement may be considered for the A-Class assessment level. An A-Class article presents a complete and thorough encyclopedic treatment of a subject, such as might be written by an expert in the field; the only deficiencies permissible at this level are minor issues of style or language. To receive an A-Class rating, a candidate article must undergo a formal firearms A-Class review process. The A-Class rating is the highest assessment level that may be assigned by an individual WikiProject; higher assessment levels are granted only by Wikipedia-wide independent assessment processes.
Featured article FA Featured list FL The featured article and featured list ratings represent the pinnacle of article evolution and the best that Wikipedia has to offer; an article at this level is professional, outstanding, and represents a definitive source for encyclopedic information. Featured status is assigned only through a thorough independent (project external) review process; this process can be grueling for the unprepared, and editors are highly advised to submit articles for A-Class review prior to nominating them for featured status.

Criteria[edit]

The following tables summarize the criteria used to assess articles at each level of the quality assessment scale. In addition to the criteria, the tables list the assessment process used at each level and provide an example of an article previously assessed at that level.

Assessment criteria for prose articles
Class Old criteria Merged/New criteria Assessment process Example
Featured article FA Reserved exclusively for articles that have received "Featured article" status, and meet the current criteria for featured articles. The article meets all Wikipedia featured article criteria. The featured article candidacy process is an independent, Wikipedia-wide quality assessment and the only way an article can receive a "featured" rating. Full instructions for submitting a featured article is provided on the WP:FAC page. M249 light machine gun as of September 2009
A-Class article A Provides a well-written, reasonably clear and complete description of the topic, as described in How to write a great article. It should be of a length that suitably covers the subject, with a well-written introduction and an appropriate series of headings to break up the content. Sufficient external literature references should be provided from (preferably) reliable third-party sources. Any third-party sources should have a solid reputation for fact-checking and accuracy. Should be well illustrated when appropriate and have no copyright problems. Any article be considered for featured article candidacy should be an A-Class article before being submitted for FA status. The article meets all of the A-Class criteria:
  • A1. The article is consistently referenced with an appropriate citation style, and all claims are verifiable against reputable sources, accurately represent the relevant body of published knowledge, and are supported with specific evidence and external citations as appropriate.
  • A2. The article is comprehensive, factually accurate, neutral and focused on the main topic; it neglects no major facts or details, presents views fairly and without bias, and does not go into unnecessary detail.
  • A3. The article has an appropriate structure of hierarchical headings, including a concise lead section that summarizes the topic and prepares the reader for the detail in the subsequent sections, and a substantial but not overwhelming table of contents.
  • A4. The article is written in concise and articulate English; its prose is clear, is in line with style guidelines, and does not require substantial copy-editing to be fully MoS-compliant.
  • A5. The article contains supporting visual materials, such as images or diagrams with succinct captions, and other media, where appropriate.

See also the A-Class assessment & criteria FAQ at the Military history WikiProject.

A-Class review: A-Class may only be assigned following an A-Class review. The review is closed by a firearms coordinator, who determines whether consensus to promote exists. Promotion typically requires that a minimum of three uninvolved editors confirm that the article meets all five A-Class criteria. Lockheed D-21 (as of June 2011)
GA The article has passed through the Good article nomination process and been granted GA status, meeting the good article standards. The article meets all Wikipedia good article criteria. Good article review: The good article nomination process is an independent review mechanism through which an article receives a "good article" quality rating. The process involves a detailed review of the article by an independent examiner, who determines whether the article meets the good article criteria. Enfield revolver as of September 2009
B The article has been reviewed by an editor and accepted to meet the following criteria:
  1. Proper referencing and citation throughout the article.
  2. Adequate and correct coverage of the article topic.
  3. Proper structure as per the Manual of Style and project guidelines.
  4. Proper grammar and spelling.
  5. Adequate supporting materials such as external links and See also items.
The article meets all of the B-Class criteria:
  • B1. It is suitably referenced, and all major points have appropriate inline citations.
  • B2. It reasonably covers the topic, and does not contain obvious omissions or inaccuracies.
  • B3. It has a defined structure, including a lead section and one or more sections of content.
  • B4. It is free from major grammatical errors.
  • B5. It contains appropriate supporting materials, such as an infobox, images, or diagrams.
The Individual review process is used for all assessments through the B-Class level. In this process, any editor may review an article against the listed criteria and assign the corresponding quality rating themselves.

Article authors may assess their own articles. However, the final assessment for a B-Class rating is typically left to an independent editor; requests for an independent assessment may be made at the project talk page.

Equipment of the United States Army (as of September 2009)
C No criteria defined The article meets B1 or B2 as well as B3 and B4 and B5 of the B-Class criteria (above). Individual review (see above). Incident at Xuanwu Gate (example from WP:WEAPON as of June 2011)
Start The article has a meaningful amount of good content, but it is still weak in many areas, and may lack one or more key elements. For example, a Start-Class article may have much useful content but lack:
  • a useful or descriptive image
  • an infobox
  • proper headings or properly named headings
  • proper section order
The article meets the Start-Class criteria:

The article has a meaningful amount of good content, but it is still weak in many areas, and may lack a key element; it has at least one serious element of gathered materials, including any one of the following:

  • A particularly useful picture or graphic
  • Multiple links that help explain or illustrate the topic
  • A subheading that fully treats an element of the topic
  • Multiple subheadings that indicate material that could be added to complete the article.
Individual review (see above). Heckler & Koch HK21 as of September 2009
Stub The article is very short lacks and great deal of information, or the information is incoherent or severely disorganized. The article meets none of the Start-Class criteria (above). Individual review (see above). Rotating bolt as of April 2011
Deferred Quality ratings on this article are deferred to other projects covering the article. Not defined at Military history WikiProject Any editor can assign this rating, but it should be used only when project coverage is completely redundant. Nighthawk Custom as of September 2009
Template:NA-Class Is not an article, and fits no other classification. Not defined at Military history WikiProject Any editor can assign this rating, but only to non-article pages such as project pages and templates. None available as of September 2009
Assessment criteria for lists
Class Criteria Assessment process Example
Featured list FL The list meets all the featured list criteria. The featured list candidacy process is the same as the featured article candidacy process. Instructions for submitting a featured list is provided on the WP:FLC page. Army of the Danube order of battle (example from WP:WEAPON as of June 2012)
Template:AL-Class The list meets all of the A-Class criteria (see article assessment). A-Class review (see article assessment). List of battlecruisers of the United States (example from WP:WEAPON as of May 2012)
Template:BL-Class The list meets all of the B-Class criteria (see article assessment). Individual review (see above). List of hill forts in England (example from WP:WEAPON as of June 2012)
Template:CL-Class The list meets B1 or B2 as well as B3 and B4 and B5 of the B-Class criteria. Individual review (see above). List of assault rifles (example from WP:WEAPON as of June 2012)
List The list meets the List-Class criteria (see article Start-Class criteria). Individual review (see above). List of Airborne Artillery Units (example from WP:WEAPON as of June 2012)
Stub The list meets none of the List-Class criteria. Individual review (see above). List of supercavitating torpedoes (example from WP:WEAPON as of June 2012)

Attributes commonly used in assault weapon definitions[edit]

Draft for assault weapon article

Attributes commonly used in assault weapon definitions, and their purposes:

Attribute Purpose? Gun-control position Gun-rights position
Semi-automatic firearm Fires one bullet (round) per trigger pull, unlike automatic firearms which fire multiple rounds per pull[1] Example Example
Detachable magazine Example Example Example
Folding or telescoping (collapsible) stock Example Allows them to be easily hidden[2] Example
Pistol grip (on rifle or shotgun) Example Gives added control;[3] allows firing from hip[2] Example
Bayonet mount (lug) Allows attachment of bayonet Example Example
Flash suppressor Example Example Example
Threaded barrel Accepts a flash suppressor, forward grip (on pistol), or silencer (sound suppressor) Example Example
Grenade launcher Example Example Example
Barrel shroud (on pistol) Lets shooter hold firearm with nontrigger hand without being burned[1] Allows shooter to spray bullets across a wide swath[2] Example


Comments from SG[edit]


Deleted/unused[edit]

The assault weapons ban[4]: 201–215  was Title XI, Subtitle A, of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994. A section of the ban directed the U.S. Attorney General to provide Congress with a report on its effects, especially on violent and drug-trafficking crime.[4]: 205  The result, published in 1997, was Impact Evaluation of the Public Safety and Recreational Firearms Use Protection Act of 1994. The report was funded by a National Institute of Justice (NIJ) grant and written by research associates at the Urban Institute. Its primary authors were Jeffrey A. Roth and Christopher S. Koper. In addition to explaining the ban's provisions and presenting preliminary findings, the report also put the ban's origins in context.[5]: 10–12 

Roth and Koper outlined five mass shootings between July 1984 and December 1993 accounting for 86 deaths and 76 injuries.[5]: 10 

Lawmen said they were often outgunned, and doctors and nurses in big cities reported increases in deaths and injuries from semiautomatic weapons.[6] In May 1989, California became the first state in U.S. to ban the sale of assault weapons.[7][5]: 12  The year 1989 also marked the beginning of efforts to create a federal assault weapons ban.[8]

Alan Simpson, R-WY, and other senators called for tougher criminal penalties instead of gun bans.[9] In October 1991, after a massacre in Killeen, Texas, gun control opponents pointed out that the pistols used by the gunmen were not even on the proposed list of banned weapons.[10] Gun makers and the National Rifle Association (NRA) questioned the constitutionality of assault weapons bans.[7][8] In November 1993, NRA spokesman Bill McIntyre said that semi-automatic weapons were used in only 1 percent of crimes, but 2 million times a year by citizens for self defense.[11] One year later, McIntyre said, "We are going to do what we can to make sure no gun ban becomes law."[12] Many opponents of the ban said that Feinstein's intention in writing the ban was confiscation, an argument supported by one of her remarks in a news interview in February 1995. She said: "If I could have gotten 51 votes in the Senate of the United States for an outright ban, picking up every one of them - 'Mr. and Mrs. America turn 'em all in' - I would have done it. I could not do that. The votes weren't here."[13]


References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Koerner, Brendan (September 16, 2004). "What Is an Assault Weapon? At last, you can get a semiautomatic rifle with a bayonet". Slate. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 Adams, Bob (November 12, 2004). "Gun Control Debate". CQ Researcher. CQ Press. 14 (40): 949–972. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
  3. Mantel, Barbara (March 8, 2013). "Gun Control". CQ Researcher. CQ Press. 23 (10): 233–256. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
  4. 4.0 4.1 103rd Congress: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". (PDF) Government Printing Office, 1994, S. 201-215;.
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 Roth, Jeffrey A.; Koper, Christopher S. (1997). "Impact Evaluation of the Public Safety and Recreational Firearms Use Protection Act of 1994" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. Mohr, Charles (March 15, 1989). "U.S. BANS IMPORTS OF ASSAULT RIFLES IN SHIFT BY BUSH". The New York Times.
  7. 7.0 7.1 "State : Governor Signs Gun Law Legalizing First Ban on Assault Weapons". Los Angeles Times. May 24, 1989.
  8. 8.0 8.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Pazniokas 931220
  9. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named PittsPress 900523
  10. "House rejects proposed ban on assault guns". The Milwaukee Sentinel. October 18, 1991. p. 15A.
  11. "Senate Acts To Ban Assault Weapons: Brady Bill Still Awaiting Action". Chicago Tribune. November 18, 1993.
  12. "NRA vows to retaliate over assault weapon ban". Los Angeles Times. The Baltimore Sun. May 8, 1994.
  13. Dianne Feinstein (February 5, 1995). What Assault Weapons Ban?. with Lesley Stahl. 60 Minutes. CBS. "If I could have gotten 51 votes in the Senate of the United States for an outright ban, picking up every one of them - 'Mr. and Mrs. America turn 'em all in' - I would have done it. I could not do that. The votes weren't here.". 

AWB 2013 info for Assault weapon article?[edit]

The Assault Weapons Ban of 2013 was a bill introduced in the United States Senate on January 24, 2013, in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School mass shooting of December 14, 2013. It was based on the Public Safety and Recreational Firearms Use Protection Act of 1994, which was commonly called the assault weapons ban and that was allowed to expire in 2004. Like the 1994 ban, S. 150 defined "semiautomatic assault weapons," commonly called "assault weapons," but its definitions were

From Assault weapons ban article[edit]

... Senator Dianne Feinstein introduced a federal assault weapons ban bill in the U.S. Senate[1] following the 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting.[2] The bill had a provision to eliminate the sunset clause which was part of the 1994 Assault Weapons Ban, and would have been directed at firearms with detachable magazines and at least one single military feature. The GOP Congressional delegation from the State of Texas (a pro-gun state) condemned Sen. Feinstein's bill, along with the pro-gun lobby inclusive of the NRA.[3] On March 14, 2013, the Senate Judiciary Committee approved a version of the bill along party lines.[4] On April 17, 2013, the Senate voted 60 to 40 against reinstating the federal assault weapons ban.[5]

From Assault weapon article[edit]

On January 24, 2013, Senator Dianne Feinstein introduced Template:USBill, the Assault Weapons Ban of 2013. The bill was similar to the 1994 ban, but differed in that it used a one-feature test for a firearm to qualify as an assault weapon rather than the two-feature test of the 1994 ban, and required registration of any grandfathered weapons under the National Firearms Act.[6][7][8]It received enhanced media attention in the aftermath of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting but on April 17, 2013, the bill failed on a Senate vote of 60 to 40.[5]

From Dianne Feinstein article[edit]

Feinstein introduced the Federal Assault Weapons Ban which became law in 1994, and expired in 2004.[9] About one month after the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, Feinstein introduced a bill that would not have expired, which received strong opposition from the National Rifle Association."[9][10]

In January 2013, Feinstein along with Representative Carolyn McCarthy from New York proposed a bill that would "ban the sale, transfer, manufacturing or importation of 150 specific firearms including semiautomatic rifles or pistols that can be used with a detachable or fixed ammunition magazines that hold more than 10 rounds and have specific military-style features, including pistol grips, grenade launchers or rocket launchers." The bill would have exempted 900 models of guns used for sport and hunting.[9][10] Feinstein commented on the bill, saying, "The common thread in each of these shootings is the gunman used a semi-automatic assault weapon or large capacity ammunition magazines. Military assault weapons only have one purpose and in my opinion, it's for the military."[11] The bill failed on a Senate vote of 60 to 40.[5]

References

  1. "Lawmakers Renew Call To Restore Federal Assault Weapons Ban Following Newtown School Massacre". CBS New York. December 16, 2012. Retrieved December 17, 2012.
  2. "NYC Mayor Bloomberg: Obama's top priority should be gun control, starting with enforcing laws". The Washington Post. 16 December 2012. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  3. Freedman, Dan (January 24, 2013). "Feinstein offers new assault weapons ban". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
  4. Steinhauer, Jennifer (March 14, 2013). "Party-Line Vote in Senate Panel for Ban on Assault Weapons". The New York Times. Retrieved March 14, 2013.
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 Simon, Richard (April 17, 2013). "Senate votes down Feinstein's assault weapons ban". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 18, 2013. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "simon 130417" defined multiple times with different content
  6. Feinstein, Dianne and Richard Blumenthal (December 21, 2012). Anonymous user (ed.). Senators Feinstein and Blumenthal React to NRA (clip). Washington, D.C.: C-SPAN. Retrieved December 4, 2013. {{cite AV media}}: |editor= has generic name (help)
  7. NRA-ILA: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Daily Caller, 5. Januar 2013, abgerufen am 4. Dezember 2013.
  8. Bell, Larry: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Forbes.com, 6. Januar 2013, abgerufen am 5. Dezember 2013.
  9. 9.0 9.1 9.2 Freedman, Dan (January 24, 2013). "Sen. Feinstein rolls out gun ban measure". San Francisco Chronicle. Hearst. Retrieved January 28, 2013.
  10. 10.0 10.1 Steinhauer, Jennifer (January 24, 2013). "Senator Unveils Bill to Limit Semiautomatic Arms". The New York Times. Retrieved January 28, 2013.
  11. O'Keefe, Ed (January 24, 2013). "Lawmakers Unveil New Assault Weapons Ban". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 28, 2013.

Tabular data[edit]

A semi-automatic rifle able to accept a detachable magazine and at least two of: A semi-automatic pistol able to accept a detachable magazine and at least two of: A semi-automatic shotgun that has at least two of:
a folding or telescoping stock; an ammunition magazine that attaches to the pistol outside of the pistol grip; a folding or telescoping stock;
a pistol grip that protrudes conspicuously beneath the action of the weapon; a threaded barrel capable of accepting a barrel extender, flash suppressor, forward hand-grip, or silencer; a pistol grip that protrudes conspicuously beneath

the action of the weapon;

a bayonet mount; a shroud that is attached to, or partially or completely encircles, the barrel and that permits the shooter to hold the firearm with the non-trigger hand without being burned; a fixed magazine capacity in excess of 5 rounds;

and

a flash suppressor or threaded barrel designed to accommodate a flash suppressor; a manufactured weight of 50 ounces or more when the pistol is unloaded; an ability to accept a detachable magazine.
a grenade launcher. a semi-automatic version of an automatic firearm.

Miscellany[edit]

Some sources refer to the Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW) as a "Squad Assault Weapon"[1][2] but, officially, that is an improper usage.


The ban defined the terms "semiautomatic assault weapon" (commonly shortened to "assault weapon") and "large capacity ammunition feeding device" (commonly shorted to "high-capacity magazine" or "large-capacity magazine").

.... Later, the VPC supported replacing the ban with a tougher law, saying that the firearms industry had evaded the ban and that simply renewing it would not address the danger assault weapons pose to public safety.[3]


Sources from StarryG Text of the bill 103-322: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". United States Congress;


Summary of first NIJ research report: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.


Journal publication of first NIJ research report: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.


Journal criticized for publishing the report and rebuttal by authors:

Kleck, Gary (2001). "Impossible Policy Evaluations and Impossible Conclusions: A Comment on Koper and Roth". Journal of Quantitative Criminology. 17 (1): 75–80. doi:10.1023/A:1007574415289.

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.


Effect on gun availability and prices from NIJ funded research: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.


Second NIJ research report: (Note that this one never got published anywhere.)

Christopher S. Koper: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Juni 2004;.

Sources for articles[edit]

2A absolutism[edit]

Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture and the Law - 2nd ed. (2012)[edit]

"Spitzer, Robert J. (May 4, 2012). "Assault Weapons". In Carter, Gregg Lee; James A. Beckman; Walter F. Carroll; David B. Kopel; Robert J. Spitzer; Harry L. Wilson (eds.). Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture and the Law. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 53–54. ISBN 9780313386701. OCLC 833189121. Retrieved January 3, 2014."
"Spitzer, Robert J. (May 4, 2012). "Assault Weapons Ban of 1994". In Carter, Gregg Lee; James A. Beckman; Walter F. Carroll; David B. Kopel; Robert J. Spitzer; Harry L. Wilson (eds.). Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture and the Law. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 54–57. ISBN 9780313386701. OCLC 833189121. Retrieved January 3, 2014."
"Spitzer, Robert J. (May 4, 2012). "Automatic Weapons Laws". In Carter, Gregg Lee; James A. Beckman; Walter F. Carroll; David B. Kopel; Robert J. Spitzer; Harry L. Wilson (eds.). Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture and the Law. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 58–59. ISBN 9780313386701. OCLC 833189121. Retrieved January 3, 2014."
"Meyer, Glenn E. (May 4, 2012). "Ergonomics and Firearms Design". In Carter, Gregg Lee; James A. Beckman; Walter F. Carroll; David B. Kopel; Robert J. Spitzer; Harry L. Wilson (eds.). Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture and the Law. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 268–270. ISBN 9780313386701. OCLC 833189121. Retrieved January 3, 2014."
"Vizzard, William J. (May 4, 2012). "Firearms Industry". In Carter, Gregg Lee; James A. Beckman; Walter F. Carroll; David B. Kopel; Robert J. Spitzer; Harry L. Wilson (eds.). Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture and the Law. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 288–291. ISBN 9780313386701. OCLC 833189121. Retrieved January 3, 2014."
"Utter, Glenn H. (May 4, 2012). "Gun Control". In Carter, Gregg Lee; James A. Beckman; Walter F. Carroll; David B. Kopel; Robert J. Spitzer; Harry L. Wilson (eds.). Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture and the Law. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 322–330. ISBN 9780313386701. OCLC 833189121. Retrieved January 3, 2014."
"Wilson, Harry L. (May 4, 2012). "Gun Lobby". In Carter, Gregg Lee; James A. Beckman; Walter F. Carroll; David B. Kopel; Robert J. Spitzer; Harry L. Wilson (eds.). Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture and the Law. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 350–351. ISBN 9780313386701. OCLC 833189121. Retrieved January 3, 2014."
"Bryant, Michael S. (May 4, 2012). "Holocaust Imagery and Gun Control". In Carter, Gregg Lee; James A. Beckman; Walter F. Carroll; David B. Kopel; Robert J. Spitzer; Harry L. Wilson (eds.). Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture and the Law. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 411–415. ISBN 9780313386701. OCLC 833189121. Retrieved January 3, 2014."
"Spitzer, Robert J. (May 4, 2012). "Semiautomatic Weapons". In Carter, Gregg Lee; James A. Beckman; Walter F. Carroll; David B. Kopel; Robert J. Spitzer; Harry L. Wilson (eds.). Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture and the Law. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 752. ISBN 9780313386701. OCLC 833189121. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)"
"Covey, Preston K. (May 4, 2012). "Sporting Purposes Test". In Carter, Gregg Lee; James A. Beckman; Walter F. Carroll; David B. Kopel; Robert J. Spitzer; Harry L. Wilson (eds.). Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture and the Law. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 771-776. ISBN 9780313386701. OCLC 833189121. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)"
"Diaz, Thomas (May 4, 2012). "Sugarmann, Josh (1960-)". In Carter, Gregg Lee; James A. Beckman; Walter F. Carroll; David B. Kopel; Robert J. Spitzer; Harry L. Wilson (eds.). Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture and the Law. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 794. ISBN 9780313386701. OCLC 833189121. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)"
"Maddan, Sean; Lauren Jekowsky (May 4, 2012). "Tartaro, Joseph P. (1931-)". In Carter, Gregg Lee; James A. Beckman; Walter F. Carroll; David B. Kopel; Robert J. Spitzer; Harry L. Wilson (eds.). Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture and the Law. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 811-812. ISBN 9780313386701. OCLC 833189121. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)"

Gun control[edit]

  • ASSAULT WEAPONS BAN LAWS & LEGISLATION
"Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". United States Congress;"
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, AKA the crime bill[4] (AWB 1994 = pp. 201-215)
Assault Weapons Ban Reauthorization Act (2003, 2004, 2005, 2008)[5]
Assault Weapons Ban and Law Enforcement Protection Act (2003, 2005, 2007)[6]
Assault Weapons Ban of 2013[7]
Large/High Capacity Ammunition Feeding Device Act of 2013[8]


  • BEFORE AWB 1994
"Lewis, Jack (1986). The Gun Digest Book of Assault Weapons. ISBN 978-0910676960. Retrieved November 20, 2013."
"Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found."
"Josh Sugarmann: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Violence Policy Center, 1988;: „On the federal level, no bills dealing with assault weapons have yet been introduced in Congress. It is expected that such a bill will be introduced sometime during 1989.“"
"Houston, Paul (July 30, 1989). "The NRA Fights Back: On the Defensive Over Assault Weapons, the Gun Lobby Is Using Controversial Tactics to Target Its Enemies". Los Angeles Times."
"Bunting, Glenn F. (November 9, 1993). "Feinstein Faces Fight for Diluted Gun Bill". Los Angeles Times."
"Knight-Ridder/Tribune (November 18, 1993). "Senate Acts To Ban Assault Weapons: Brady Bill Still Awaiting Action". Chicago Tribune."
"Pazniokas, Mark (December 20, 1993). "One Gun's Journey Into A Crime". Courant. Hartford, CT."
"Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found."
"Eaton, William J. (May 5, 1994). "Ford, Carter, Reagan Push for Gun Ban". Los Angeles Times."
"Daley, Steve (May 8, 1994). "Passage Of Assault Weapons Ban Proves That NRA Is No Longer Bullet-proof". Chicago Tribune."
"Seelye, Katharine Q. (July 28, 1994). "Assault Weapons Ban Allowed To Stay in Anti-crime Measure". New York Times."


  • CONCURRENT WITH AWB 1994
"Roth, Jeffrey A.; Koper, Christopher S. (1997). "Impact Evaluation of the Public Safety and Recreational Firearms Use Protection Act of 1994" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)"
"Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". (PDF) Department of the Treasury; Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, April 1998;."
"Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found."
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"Template:Cite court"
"Template:Cite court"
"Lott, John R. (June 15, 2000). More Guns, Less Crime: Understanding Crime and Gun-Control Laws (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-49364-0."
"Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found."
"Kleck, Gary (2001). "Impossible Policy Evaluations and Impossible Conclusions: A Comment on Koper and Roth". Journal of Quantitative Criminology. 17 (1): 75–80. doi:10.1023/A:1007574415289."
"Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found."
"Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found."
""First Reports Evaluating the Effectiveness of Strategies for Preventing Violence: Firearms Laws. Findings from the Task Force on Community Preventive Services" (PDF). MMWR. Atlanta, Georgia: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 52 (RR-14): 11–20. October 3, 2003. ISSN 1057-5987."
"Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Violence Policy Center, 2003, S. Ten Key Points about What Assault Weapons Are and Why They Are So Deadly;: „The distinctive 'look' of assault weapons is not cosmetic. It is the visual result of specific functional design decisions.“"
"Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Violence Policy Center, 2003, S. The Gun Industry's Lies;."
"Lott, John R. (February 1, 2003). The Bias Against Guns. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing. ISBN 978-0895261144."
""Democrats Shunning Gun Control". Washington Times. May 31, 2003."
"T.J. Halstead, Legislative Attorney: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Congressional Research Service, 10. September 2003, abgerufen am 14. Oktober 2013."
"Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". (PDF) Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence, März 2004;."
""Senate-Passed Assault Weapons 'Ban' Will Do Little to Keep Assault Weapons Off Our Streets, Violence Policy Center (VPC) Warns" (Press release). Washington, D.C.: Violence Policy Center. March 2, 2004."
"Ove, Torsten (March 28, 2004). "Assault Weapon Ban's Effectiveness Debated". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette."
"Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found."
"Christopher S. Koper: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Juni 2004;."
"Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found."
"Kerlikowske, Gil; LaPierre, Wayne (September 13, 2004). Federal Assault Weapons Ban Expires. Transcript with Jim Lehrer. PBS Newshour. Public Broadcating Service. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/politics/july-dec04/ban_9-13.html. "Well, Wayne [LaPierre] and I have very different opinions of what cosmetic is. Let me tell you what a flash suppressor does.". "
""Finally, the End of a Sad Era--Clinton Gun Ban Stricken from Books!" (Press release). Fairfax, Virginia: National Rifle Association Institute for Legislative Action. September 13, 2004."
""Violence Policy Center Issues Statement on Expiration of Federal Assault Weapons Ban" (Press release). Washington, D.C.: Violence Policy Center. September 13, 2004."


  • AFTER AWB 1994
"Adams, Bob (November 12, 2004). "Gun Control Debate". CQ Researcher. CQ Press. 14 (40): 949–972. Retrieved December 3, 2013."
"Peterson, Phillip (2008). Gun Digest Buyer's Guide to Assault Weapons. p. 11. ISBN 978-0896896802. Retrieved November 20, 2013. The popularly held idea that the term 'assault weapon' originated with anti-gun activists is wrong. The term was first adopted by manufacturers, wholesalers, importers and dealers in the American firearms industry to stimulate sales of certain firearms that did not have an appearance that was familiar to many firearms owners. The manufacturers and gun writers of the day needed a catchy name to identify this new type of gun."
"Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". (PDF) Legal Community Against Violence, Februar 2008, S. 22;: „Generic feature tests that require a weapon to have only one of a list of features are more comprehensive than those that require two [like AWB 1994]. A one-feature test captures more assault weapons and makes it harder for the gun industry to evade the law by modifying the weapon.“"
"Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". (PDF) Legal Community Against Violence, Februar 2008, S. 22;: „Like the expired federal assault weapon ban, many of the state bans also include in their generic feature definitions some features that are purely cosmetic, such as bayonet mounts and grenade launchers.“"
"[Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] BarackObama.com, archiviert vom Original am 2008-10-02;."
"[Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] Office of President-elect Barack Obama, archiviert vom Original am 2008-11-16;."
"[Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle".] The White House, archiviert vom Original am 2009-01-22;."
"Ryan, Jason (February 25, 2009). "Obama to Seek New Assault Weapons Ban". ABC News. 6960824."
"Lott, John R. (May 24, 2010). More Guns, Less Crime: Understanding Crime and Gun Control Laws (3rd ed.). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-49367-1."
"McArdle, Megan (November 12, 2012). "Just Say No to Dumb Gun Laws". The Daily Beast. ... 'assault weapon' is a largely cosmetic rather than functional description."


  • AFTER NEWTOWN
""Lawmakers Renew Call To Restore Federal Assault Weapons Ban Following Newtown School Massacre: Bloomberg On Obama: 'His Job Is To Perform & To Protect The American Public'". CBS New York. December 16, 2012. Retrieved December 17, 2012."
"Author Unknown (Page Not Found) (December 1, 2012). "NYC Mayor Bloomberg: Obama's top priority should be gun control, starting with enforcing laws". Washington Post. Retrieved 17 December 2012. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)"
"Kopel, David (December 17, 2012). "Guns, Mental Illness and Newtown". Wall Street Journal type=Opinion. None of the guns that the Newtown murderer used was an assault weapon under Connecticut law. This illustrates the uselessness of bans on so-called assault weapons, since those bans concentrate on guns' cosmetics, such as whether the gun has a bayonet lug, rather than their function. {{cite news}}: Missing pipe in: |publisher= (help)"
"Feinstein, Dianne and Richard Blumenthal (December 21, 2012). Senators Feinstein and Blumenthal React to NRA. Washington, D.C.: C-SPAN. Retrieved December 4, 2013."
"Feinstein, Dianne (December 21, 2012). Anonymous user (ed.). Senators Feinstein and Blumenthal React to NRA (clip). Washington, D.C.: C-SPAN. Retrieved December 4, 2013. {{cite AV media}}: |editor= has generic name (help)"
"Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". (PDF) 26. Dezember 2012, abgerufen am 5. Dezember 2013."
"Wellford, Charles F; Pepper, John V; Petrie, Carol V, eds. (2013) [Print ed. 2005]. Firearms and Violence: A Critical Review (Electronic ed.). Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. p. 97. ISBN 0-309-54640-0."
"NRA-ILA: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Daily Caller, 5. Januar 2013, abgerufen am 4. Dezember 2013."
"Bell, Larry: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Forbes.com, 6. Januar 2013, abgerufen am 5. Dezember 2013.
"Yager, Jordy (January 16, 2013). "The problem with 'assault weapons'". The Hill. Gun companies quickly realized they could stay within the law and continue to make rifles with high-capacity magazine clips if they steered away from the cosmetic features mentioned in the law."
"Freedman, Dan (January 24, 2013). "Feinstein offers new assault weapons ban". Houston Chronicle."
"Freedman, Dan (January 24, 2013). "Sen. Feinstein rolls out gun ban measure". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved January 28, 2013."
"Steinhauer, Jennifer (January 24, 2013). "Senator Unveils Bill to Limit Semiautomatic Arms". New York Times. Retrieved January 28, 2013."
"Fox, Lauren (January 24, 2013). "Feinstein Introduces New Assault Weapons Ban: Lawmakers look to new assault weapons ban to curb gun violence". USNews.com. Retrieved December 2, 2013."
O'Keefe, Ed (January 24, 2013). "Lawmakers Unveil New Assault Weapons Ban". Washington Post. Retrieved January 28, 2013.
"Seitz-Wald, Alex (February 6, 2013). "Don't mourn the assault weapons ban's impending demise". Salon. [The National Rifle Association] says the ban created an artificial distinction between 'assault weapons' and other semi-automatic weapons, based almost entirely on cosmetic features."
"Vivian S. Chu: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". (PDF) Congressional Research Service, 14. Februar 2013, abgerufen am 14. August 2013."
"Chris W. Cox: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". National Rifle Association, 1. März 2013;: „... the Violence Policy Center - which first proposed a so-called 'assault weapon' ban in 1988 and ridiculed the old ban as a 'joke' for not being harsh enough - declared that 'Now is the time' to ban 'assault weapons' and magazines that hold more than 10 rounds.“"
"Mantel, Barbara (March 8, 2013). "Gun Control". CQ Researcher. CQ Press. 23 (10): 233–256. Retrieved December 3, 2013."
"Steinhauer, Jennifer (March 14, 2013). "Party-Line Vote in Senate Panel for Ban on Assault Weapons". Contributions by Jonathan Weisman. NYTimes.com."
"Simon, Richard (April 17, 2013). "Senate votes down Feinstein's assault weapons ban". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 18, 2013."
""City Council Passes Comprehensive Assault Weapons Ban: Updated Law Required in Wake of Statewide Legislation to Allow Concealed Carry" (PDF) (Press release). Office of the Mayor, City of Chicago. July 17, 2013."
""Chicago lawmakers unanimously vote to beef up assault weapons ban". FoxNews.com. Associated Press. July 17, 2013."
  • Miscellaneous


  • Broken / dead
"Aileen Jacobson: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". International Herald Tribune, abgerufen am 31. Dezember 2012.[dead link]"

Jack Brooks[edit]

Reference templates[edit]

Cite something using { {r|what} }, documentation {{r}}.[9]

For a truly strange reference {t{ICS 2004}} turns into a wikilink, and an embedded citation, and a note.Template:ICS 2004

Evidence of SR following LB[edit]

Evidence of SR following LB - August 1, 2013 through February 15, 2014 [5]

Nine times - once by express invitation [6] (exact same request posted on 4 or 5 other editors' talk pages - looking for help)

Robert Spitzer (political scientist)

LB: 15:49 12 JAN 2014 [7]
SR: 16:45 12 JAN 2014 [8] (56 minutes later)
  • Twenty-two (22) seconds between these edits [9]

Gun Rights Index

LB: 13:40 6 FEB 2014 [10]
SR: 14:48 6 FEB 2014 [11] (1 hour, 8 min)

Gun politics in the United States

LB: 13:04 6 JAN 2014 [12]
SR: 14:59 7 JAN 2014 [13] (1 day, 1 hour, 55 min)

Global gun cultures

LB: 12:40 25 JAN 2014 [14]
SR: 14:51 26 JAN 2014 [15] (1 day, 2 hours, 11 min)

Leslie Fish

LB: 15:46 5 FEB 2014 [16]
SR: 13:46 7 FEB 2014 [17] (1 day, 22 hours)

SALW

LB: 16:47 10 FEB 2014 [18]
SR: 14:01 14 FEB 2014 [19] (3 days, 21 hours, 14 min)

Assault weapon

LB: 10:18 23 AUG 2013 [20]
SR: 12:10 13 SEP 2013 [21] (21 days, 1 hour, 52 min)

Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act

LB: 17:36 19 AUG 2013 [22] (29 days, 22 hours, 15 min)
SR: 15:51 18 SEP 2013 [23]


--Lightbreather (talk) 19:03, 17 February 2014 (UTC)

See also[edit]


References[edit]

  1. Boe, David (August 1, 1997). "Mission Continues" (PDF). The Talon. Vol. 3, no. 31. Eagle Base, Tuzla, Bosnia-Herzegovina: 1st Infantry Division (Task Force Eagle) Public Affairs Office. p. 6. Retrieved November 27, 2013. Sitting atop the platoon leader's HMMWV, the 20-year-old soldier mans a Squad Assault Weapon and monitors traffic at the crossroads.
  2. Lewis, Jack (September 12, 2007). Ken Ramage (ed.). The Gun Digest Book of Assault Weapons (7th ed.). Iola, Wisconsin: Gun Digest Books. pp. 14, 74, 156, 245. ISBN 978-1-4402-2652-6. Retrieved November 27, 2013. When it comes to machine guns, FNH USA is turning out copies of the M249 Squad Assault Weapon (SAW) that has been in the US military inventory for several decades.
  3. Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". (PDF) Violence Policy Center, Juli 2004, S. 5-6;.
  4. 103rd Congress: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". Government Printing Office, 1994;.
  5. {{USBill|108|S.|1034}, Template:USBill, Template:USBill, Template:USBill, Template:USBill, Template:USBill
  6. Template:USBill, Template:USBill, Template:USBill, Template:USBill, Template:USBill
  7. Template:USBill, Template:USBill
  8. Template:USBill, Template:USBill, Template:USBill
  9. this is the ref