Mercury Seven

Not to be confused with Mercury-Atlas 7.

Back row: Shepard, Grissom, Cooper; front row: Schirra, Slayton, Glenn, Carpenter in 1960. This was the only time they would appear together in pressure suits. Slayton and Glenn are wearing spray-painted work boots.

(L to R) Cooper, Schirra, Shepard, Grissom, Glenn, Slayton and Carpenter

The Mercury 7 astronauts examine their 'couches.' Each astronaut's couch was molded to fit his body to help withstand the G-loads of the launch.

A chart showing Group 1 assignments in Mercury, Gemini and Apollo in relation to assignments from subsequent astronaut groups

The Mercury Seven in front of an F-106 Delta Dart

Mercury Seven was the group of seven Mercury astronauts selected by NASA on April 9, 1959. They are also referred to as the Original Seven and Astronaut Group 1. This was the only astronaut group with members that flew on all classes of NASA manned orbital spacecraft of the 20th century: Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, and ending with John Glenn's flight on the STS-95 Space Shuttle mission.

As of 2011, John Glenn and Scott Carpenter are the only surviving members of the Mercury Seven.

Selection process

Although NASA planned an open competition for its first astronauts, President Dwight D. Eisenhower insisted that all candidates be test pilots, which excluded women. Because of the small space inside the Mercury spacecraft, candidates could be no taller than 5 feet 11 inches (180 cm) and weigh no more than 180 pounds (82 kg). Other requirements included an age under 40, a bachelor's degree or equivalent, 1,500 hours of flying time, and qualification to fly jets.

After an advertisement among military test pilots drew more than 500 applications, NASA searched military personnel records in January 1959 and identified 110 pilots—five Marines, 47 from the Navy, and 58 from the Air Force—who qualified. Sixty-nine candidates were brought to Washington, DC, in two groups; the candidates' interest was so great, despite the extensive physical and mental exams from January to March, that the agency did not summon the last group. The tests included spending hours on treadmills and tilt tables, submerging their feet in ice water, three doses of castor oil, and five enemas. Six candidates were rejected as too tall for the planned spacecraft. Another 33 failed or dropped out during the first phase of exams. Four more refused to take part in the second round of tests, which eliminated eight more candidates, leaving 18.

From the 18, the first seven NASA astronauts were chosen, each a "superb physical specimen" with a genius-level IQ, and the ability to function well both as part of a team and solo. Despite the extensive medical evaluation, two of the seven (Shepard and Slayton) were soon grounded for undiagnosed medical conditions and sat out the entirety of Project Gemini and most of the Apollo program (and Mercury as well, in Slayton's case) supervising the active astronauts.

Heroes

NASA introduced the astronauts in Washington on 10 April 1959. Although the agency viewed Project Mercury's purpose as an experiment to determine whether humans could survive space travel, the seven men immediately became national heroes compared to "Columbus, Magellan, Daniel Boone, and the Wright brothers." 200 reporters overflowed the room used for the announcement and alarmed the astronauts, who were unused to such a large audience.

Because they wore civilian clothes, the audience did not see them as military test pilots but "mature, middle-class Americans, average in height and visage, family men all", ready for single combat versus worldwide Communism. To the astronauts' surprise, the reporters asked about their personal lives instead of war records or flight experience, or about the details of Mercury. After Glenn responded by speaking eloquently "on God, country, and family" the others followed his example, and the reporters "lustily applauded them."

The astronauts participated in Project Mercury's design and planning. While busy with such duties and the intense training for their flights, some of the men also "roughhoused and drank and drove fast and got into sexual peccadilloes", likely due to the dangerous nature of their work. NASA actively sought to protect the astronauts and the agency from negative publicity and maintain an image of "clean-cut, all-American boy[s]".

Media

The seven astronauts agreed to share equally any proceeds from interviews regardless of who flew first. In August 1959, they and their wives signed a contract with Life magazine for $500,000 in exchange for exclusive access to their private lives, homes, and families. They wrote first-hand accounts of their selection and preparation for the Mercury missions in the 1962 book We Seven. Additionally, each of them separately wrote at least one book describing their astronaut experiences. In 1979, Tom Wolfe published a less sanitized version of their story in The Right Stuff. Wolfe's book was the basis for the popular film of the same name directed by Philip Kaufman.

Their official spokesman from 1959-1963 was USAF Lt. Col. John "Shorty" Powers, who as a result became known in the press as the "eighth astronaut".

In the 1960s TV series Thunderbirds, the Tracy brothers were given the forenames of five of the Mercury astronauts: Scott, Virgil, Alan, Gordon and John.

Group members

Memorial at LC-14

Plaque at LC-14

• Alan Bartlett Shepard Jr., USN, (1923–1998)

MR-3 (Freedom 7), Apollo 14

• Virgil Ivan (Gus) Grissom, USAF, (1926–1967)

MR-4 (Liberty Bell 7), Gemini 3, Apollo 1

• John Herschel Glenn Jr., USMC, (born 1921)

MA-6 (Friendship 7), STS-95

• Malcolm Scott Carpenter, USN, (born 1925)

MA-7 (Aurora 7)

• Walter Marty (Wally) Schirra Jr., USN, (1923–2007)

MA-8 (Sigma 7), Gemini 6A, Apollo 7

• Leroy Gordon Cooper Jr., USAF, (1927–2004)

MA-9 (Faith 7), Gemini 5

• Donald Kent (Deke) Slayton, USAF, (1924–1993)

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project

See also

• Man In Space Soonest
• Mercury 13
• NASA Astronaut Groups