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This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Swedish on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Swedish in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing
consensus on the
talk page first.
Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Swedish
The chart below shows how the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Swedish pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-sv }} and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters .
The Sweden pronunciation is based primarily on Central Standard Swedish , and the Finland one on Helsinki pronunciation. Recordings and example transcriptions in this help are in Sweden Swedish, unless otherwise noted.
See Swedish phonology and Swedish alphabet § Sound–spelling correspondences for a more thorough look at the sounds of Swedish.
Consonants
IPA
Examples
English approximation
[[Image:Template:Country flag alias Sweden |border|25x20px|Template:Country alias Sweden の旗]]
SWE
[[Image:Template:Country flag alias Swedish-speaking Finns |border|x14px|Template:Country alias Swedish-speaking Finns の旗]]
FIN
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI
b okⓘ
b ook
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI
kj olⓘ , tj ockⓘ , k önⓘ
sh eep (SWE ) or ch eat (FIN )
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI
d opⓘ
d ad
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI
nord ⓘ [ 1]
retroflex
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI
f otⓘ
f oot
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI
g odⓘ
g ood
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI
h otⓘ
h at
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI
sj uⓘ , stj ärnaⓘ , sk örⓘ , stati on ⓘ , pensi on ⓘ , g eniⓘ , ch okladⓘ [ 2]
somewhat like Scottish loch or sh eep (varies regionally)
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI
j ordⓘ , g enomⓘ , G öteborg ⓘ
y oy o
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI
k onⓘ
c one
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI
l ovⓘ
l ack
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI
kärl ⓘ [ 1]
retroflex
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI
m odⓘ
m ode
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI
n odⓘ
n ode
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI
barn ⓘ [ 1]
retroflex
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI
lång ⓘ
long
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI
p olⓘ
p ole
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI
r ovⓘ [ 3]
somewhat like American at om or Scottish r ose
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI
s otⓘ
s oot
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI
tors dag ⓘ [ 1]
retroflex Template:IPAslink , somewhat like sh rine
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI
t okⓘ
t ool
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI
part i ⓘ [ 1]
retroflex
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI
v åtⓘ
v ote
^ a b c d e In many of the dialects that have an apical rhotic consonant , a recursive sandhi process of retroflexion occurs, and clusters of
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI and dental consonants
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI ,
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI ,
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI ,
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI ,
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI produce retroflex consonant realisations: [ɖ ] , [ɭ ] , [ɳ ] , [ʂ ] , [ʈ ] . In dialects with a guttural R , such as Southern Swedish , they are
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI ,
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI ,
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI ,
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI ,
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI . In Finland Swedish, retroflexion might only occur in some varieties, especially among young speakers and in fast speech.
^ Sweden Swedish
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI varies regionally and is sometimes [xʷ ] , [ɸˠ ] , or [ʂ ] .
^
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI varies considerably in different dialects: it is pronounced alveolar or similarly (a trilled r when articulated clearly or in slow or formal speech; in normal speech, usually a tapped r or an alveolar approximant ) in virtually all dialects (most consistently
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI in Finland), but in South Swedish dialects, it is uvular , similar to the Parisian French r . At the beginning of a syllable, it can also be pronounced as a fricative [ʐ ] , similar to in English g enre or visi on .
^ a b c d Before
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI , the quality of non-high front vowels is changed: the unrounded vowels
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI and
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI are lowered to [æ ] and [æː ] (except certain instances of unstressed
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI ), whereas the rounded
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI ([œ˔ ] ) and
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI are lowered to open-mid [œ ] and [œː ] . For simplicity, no distinction is made between the mid
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI and the open-mid
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI , with both being transcribed as ⟨œ ⟩ . Note that younger speakers use lower allophones [ɶ ] (which they tend to merge with
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI into [ɵ ] ) and [ɶː ] .
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m In Sweden,
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI are protruded vowels, while
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI are compressed . Instead,
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI are compressed, while only
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI are protruded in Finland. This makes Finland Swedish
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI and
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI sound closer to Sweden Swedish
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI and
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI , which are also fronted , rather than to their respective counterparts.
^ a b [ɵ ] and [ʉ ] are the Sweden Swedish unstressed allophones of a single phoneme
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI (stressed
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI is always realized as
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI ):
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI is used in all closed syllables (as in ku ltur Template:Audio-IPA ) but also in some open syllables, as in mu sikal
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI . Some cases involve resyllabification caused by retroflexion, which makes the syllable open, as in ku rtisan
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI .
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI appears only in open syllables. In some cases,
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI is the only possible realization, as in kängu ru
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI , or when
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI appears in hiatus , as in du ell
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI .
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI is in free variation with
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI so mu sik can be pronounced as Template:Audio-IPA or
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI Template:Harvcol . For simplicity, only ⟨ɵ ⟩ will be used.
^ a b The distinction between compressed [ʉ ] and protruded [ʏ ] is particularly difficult to hear for non-native speakers:
Sweden Swedish compressed
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI sounds very close to German compressed [ʏ ] (as in mü ssen Template:Audio-IPA );
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI sounds more similar to English unrounded [ɪ ] (as in hi t ) than to German compressed
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI , and it is very close to Norwegian protruded
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI (as in ny tt Template:IPA-no ).
^ a b The distinction between compressed [ʉː ] and protruded [yː ] is particularly difficult to hear for non-native speakers:
Sweden Swedish compressed
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI sounds very close to German compressed [yː ] (as in ü ben Template:Audio-IPA );
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI sounds more similar to English unrounded [iː ] (as in lea ve ) than to German compressed
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI , and it is very close to Norwegian protruded
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI (as in ly s Template:IPA-no ).
^ a b Finland Swedish, as well as a few accents of Mainland Sweden, have a simple primary stress (transcribed as ⟨ˈ ⟩ ) rather than a contrastive pitch accent. In such accents, a word like anden is always pronounced as
REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI regardless of its meaning. The variety of Swedish spoken in Åland usually resembles phonetically speaking the dialects of the Uppland area rather than other Finland Swedish varieties, but the pitch accent is still largely missing.
^ Consonants always tend to geminate after a stressed short vowel in Sweden Swedish. In Finland, this is not always true and between vowels usually only happens when the short vowel is followed by an orthographic geminate.
Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet. , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
Hedelin, Per; Elert, Claes-Christian (1997), Norstedts svenska uttalslexikon , Norstedts, ISBN 91-1-971122-0
Reuter, Mikael (1971), "Vokalerna i finlandssvenska: En instrumentell analys och ett försök till systematisering enligt särdrag" (PDF) , Studier i nordisk filologi (in Swedish), Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 46 : 240–249
Riad, Tomas (2014), The Phonology of Swedish , Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-954357-1
Comparisons Introductory guides