Crepuscular
Crepuscular animals are those that are active primarily during twilight (i.e., dawn and dusk).
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Etymology and usage[edit]
The word crepuscular derives from the Latin crepusculum ("twilight").[1] Its sense accordingly differs from diurnal and nocturnal behavior, which respectively peak during hours of daylight and dark. The distinction is not absolute however, because crepuscular animals may also be active on a bright moonlit night or on a dull day. Some animals casually described as nocturnal are in fact crepuscular.[2]
Special classes of crepuscular behaviour include matutinal (or "matinal") and vespertine, denoting species active only in the dawn or only in the dusk, respectively. Those that are active during both morning and evening twilight are said to have a bimodal activity pattern.
Adaptive relevance[edit]
The various patterns of activity are thought to be mainly antipredator adaptations, though some could equally well be predatory adaptations. Many predators forage most intensively at night, whereas others are active at midday and see best in full sun. Thus, the crepuscular habit may both reduce predation pressure, thereby increasing the crepuscular populations, and in consequence offer better foraging opportunities to predators that increasingly focus their attention on crepuscular prey until a new balance is struck. Such shifting states of balance are often found in ecology.
Some predatory species adjust their habits in response to competition from other predators. For example, the subspecies of Short-eared Owl that lives on the Galápagos Islands is normally active during the day, but on islands like Santa Cruz that are home to the Galapagos hawk, it is crepuscular.[3][4]
Apart from the relevance to predation, crepuscular activity in hot regions also may be the most effective way of avoiding heat stress while capitalizing on available light.
Occurrence of crepuscular behaviour[edit]
A number of familiar mammal species are crepuscular, including some bats, hamsters, housecats, stray dogs,[5] rabbits, ferrets, guinea pigs, and rats. Other crepuscular mammals include jaguars, ocelots, strepsirrhines, red pandas, bears, deer, moose, chinchillas, the common mouse, skunks, Australian wombats, wallabies, quolls, possums and marsupial gliders, spotted hyenas, bobcats, tenrecidae, capybaras, African wild dogs, sitatunga, and the extinct Tasmanian tiger. Crepuscular birds include the common nighthawk, owlet-nightjar, chimney swift, American woodcock, and spotted crake.
Many moths, beetles, flies, and other insects are crepuscular and in particular, vespertine.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Winn, Philip (2001). Dictionary of Biological Psychology. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-415-13606-7
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". BookRags.com, 2. November 2010, abgerufen am 11. Juli 2011.
- ^ Frederick, Prince (2006-04-15). "Night herons in the day!". Metro Plus Chennai. The Hindu. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
- ^ John Merck: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". In: Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Internetquelle". University of Maryland Department of Geology, abgerufen am 15. Januar 2012.
- ^ The Ecology of Stray Dogs: A Study of Free-Ranging Urban Animals – Alan M. Beck – Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2012-04-13.