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OSIRIS-REx in Launch Configuration

OSIRIS-REx (Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, Security, Regolith Explorer) is a NASA asteroid-study and sample-return mission. Its primary mission visited and collected samples from 101955 Bennu, a carbonaceous near-Earth asteroid.[1] The material, returned on September 24, 2023,[2] is expected to enable scientists to learn more about the formation and evolution of the Solar System, its initial stages of planet formation, and the source of organic compounds that led to the formation of life on Earth.[3] After, its mission was extended to conduct proximity operations and in-depth study of asteroid 99942 Apophis as OSIRIS-APEX (Apophis Explorer).[4]

OSIRIS-REx was launched on 8 September 2016, flew past Earth on 22 September 2017, and rendezvoused with Bennu on 3 December 2018.[5] It spent the next two years analyzing the surface to find a suitable site from which to extract a sample. On 20 October 2020, OSIRIS-REx touched down on Bennu and successfully collected a sample.[6][7][8][9] OSIRIS-REx departed Bennu on 10 May 2021[10][11] and returned its sample to Earth on 24 September 2023,[12] subsequently starting its new mission to study 99942 Apophis. The spacecraft will arrive at Apophis in April 2029, around when the asteroid is expected to encounter Earth.

Bennu was chosen as the target of study because it is a "time capsule" from the birth of the Solar System.[13] Bennu has a very dark surface and is classified as a B-type asteroid, a sub-type of the carbonaceous C-type asteroids. Such asteroids are considered primitive, having undergone little geological change from their time of formation. In particular, Bennu was selected because of the availability of pristine carbonaceous material, a key element in organic molecules necessary for life as well as representative of matter from before the formation of Earth. Organic molecules, such as amino acids, have previously been found in meteorite and comet samples, indicating that some ingredients necessary for life can be naturally synthesized in outer space.[14]

The cost of the OSIRIS-REx mission is approximately US$800 million,[15] not including the Atlas V launch vehicle, which is about US$183.5 million.[16] The OSIRIS-APEX extended mission costs an additional US$200 million.[4] It is the third planetary science mission selected in the New Frontiers program, after Juno and New Horizons. The principal investigator is Dante Lauretta from the University of Arizona. OSIRIS-REx was the first United States spacecraft to return samples from an asteroid; the earlier, similar Japanese probe Hayabusa returned samples from 25143 Itokawa in 2010, and Hayabusa2 returned from 162173 Ryugu in December 2020.

Mission

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Overall management, engineering and navigation for the mission is provided by NASATemplate:'s Goddard Space Flight Center, while the University of ArizonaTemplate:'s Lunar and Planetary Laboratory provides principal science operations and Lockheed Martin Space Systems built the spacecraft and provides mission operations.[17] The science team includes members from the United States, Canada, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and Italy.[18]

After traveling for approximately two years, the spacecraft rendezvoused with asteroid 101955 Bennu in December 2018,[19] and began 505 days of surface mapping at a distance of approximately Template:Cvt.[14] Results of that mapping were used by the mission team to select the site from which to take a sample of the asteroid's surface.[20] Then a close approach (without landing) was carried out to allow extension of a robotic arm to gather the sample.[21]

Following the collection of material (>60 grams), the sample was returned to Earth in a Template:Cvt capsule similar to that which returned the samples of a comet 81P/Wild on the Stardust spacecraft. The return trip to Earth was shorter and the capsule landed by parachute at the Utah Test and Training Range in September 2023 before being transported to the Johnson Space Center for processing in a dedicated research facility.[14]

  • Asteroid Bennu, imaged by the OSIRIS-REx probe, 3 December 2018
    Asteroid Bennu, imaged by the OSIRIS-REx probe, 3 December 2018
  • OSIRIS-REx mission overview video
  • OSIRIS-REx launch

Launch

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The launch was on 8 September 2016 at 23:05 UTC on a United Launch Alliance Atlas V 411 from Cape Canaveral, Space Launch Complex 41.[22] The 411 rocket configuration consists of a RD-180 powered first stage with a single AJ-60A solid fuel booster, and a Centaur upper stage.[23] OSIRIS-REx separated from the launch vehicle 55 minutes after ignition.[17] The launch was declared "exactly perfect" by the mission's principal investigator, with no anomalies worked before or during launch.[24]

Cruise phase

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OSIRIS-REx entered the cruise phase shortly after separation from the launch vehicle, following successful solar panel deployment, propulsion system initiation, and establishment of a communication link with Earth.[24] Its hyperbolic escape speed from Earth was about Template:Cvt.[25] On 28 December 2016, the spacecraft successfully performed its first deep space maneuver to change its velocity by Template:Cvt using Template:Cvt of fuel.[26][27] An additional, smaller firing of its thrusters on 18 January 2017 further refined its course for an Earth gravity assist on 22 September 2017.[26] The cruise phase lasted until its encounter with Bennu in December 2018,[19] after which it entered its science and sample collection phase.[26]

During its cruise phase, OSIRIS-REx was used to search for a class of near-Earth objects known as Earth-Trojan asteroids as it passed through Sun–Earth Template:L4 Lagrange point. Between 9–20 February 2017, the OSIRIS-REx team used the spacecraft's MapCam camera to search for the objects, taking about 135 survey images each day for processing by scientists at the University of Arizona. The search was beneficial even though no new trojans were found,[28] as it closely resembled the operation required as the spacecraft approached Bennu, searching for natural satellites and other potential hazards.[27][29] On 12 February 2017, while Template:Cvt from Jupiter, the PolyCam instrument aboard OSIRIS-REx successfully imaged the giant planet and three of its moons, Callisto, Io, and Ganymede.[30]

OSIRIS-REx flew by Earth on 22 September 2017.[31]

Arrival and survey

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On 3 December 2018, NASA confirmed that OSIRIS-REx had matched the speed and orbit of Bennu at a distance of about Template:Cvt, effectively reaching the asteroid. OSIRIS-REx performed closer passes of the Bennu surface, initially at about Template:Cvt through December to further refine the shape and orbit of Bennu. Preliminary spectroscopic surveys of the asteroid's surface by the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft detected the presence of hydrated minerals in the form of clay. While researchers suspect that Bennu was too small to host water, the hydroxyl groups may have come from water present in its parent body before Bennu split off.[32][33]

OSIRIS-REx entered orbit around Bennu on 31 December 2018 at about Template:Cvt to start its extensive remote mapping and sensing campaign for the selection of a sample site. This is the closest distance that any spacecraft has orbited a celestial object, surpassing the RosettaTemplate:'s orbit of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko at Template:Cvt.[5][34] At this altitude, it took the spacecraft 62 hours to orbit Bennu.[35] At the end of its detailed survey, the spacecraft entered a closer orbit with a radius of Template:Cvt.[36]

Animation of OSIRIS-REx
Around the Sun
Around 101955 Bennu
Touchdown on Bennu
Landing on Earth
  OSIRIS-REx ·   101955 Bennu ·   Earth ·   Sun

Sample acquisition

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Artist's concept of TAGSAM instrument in operation

Procedure

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Rehearsals were performed before sampling, during which the solar arrays were raised into a Y-shaped configuration to minimize the chance of dust accumulation during contact and provide more ground clearance in case the spacecraft tipped over (up to 45°) during contact.[18] The descent was very slow to minimize thruster firings prior to contact in order to reduce the likelihood of asteroid surface contamination by unreacted hydrazine propellant. Contact with the surface of Bennu was detected using accelerometers, and the impact force was dissipated by a spring in the TAGSAM arm.[37]

Upon surface contact by the TAGSAM instrument, a burst of nitrogen gas was released, to blow regolith particles smaller than Template:Cvt into the sampler head at the end of the robotic arm. A five-second timer limited the collection time to mitigate the chance of a collision. After the timer expired, the back-away maneuver executed a safe departure from the asteroid.[18]

The plan was then for OSIRIS-REx to perform a braking maneuver a few days later to halt the drift away from the asteroid in case it was necessary to return for another sampling attempt. It would then take images of the TAGSAM head to verify a sample had been acquired. If a sample was acquired, the spacecraft would rotate about the short axis of the sample arm to determine sample mass by measuring momentum of inertia and determine if it was in excess of the required Template:Cvt.

Both the braking and rotation maneuvers were canceled when images of the sample container clearly showed a large excess of material was collected, a portion of which was able to escape through the container's seal due to some material jamming the mechanism open. The collected material was scheduled for immediate storage in the Sample-Return Capsule.[38][18] On 28 October 2020, the sample collector head was secured in the return capsule. Following the severance of the head from the collector arm, the arm was retracted into its launch configuration, and the Sample-Return Capsule lid was closed and latched preparing to return to Earth.[39][40]

In addition to the bulk sampling mechanism, contact pads on the end of the sampling head made of tiny stainless steel loops (Velcro)[41] passively collected dust grains smaller than 1 mm.

Operations

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The final four candidate sample sites

NASA selected the final four candidate sample sites in August 2019, named Nightingale, Kingfisher, Osprey, and Sandpiper.[42] On 12 December 2019, they announced that Nightingale had been selected as the primary sample site and Osprey was selected as the backup site.[43] Both were within craters, with Nightingale near Bennu's north pole while Osprey was near the equator.[44]

NASA planned to perform the first sampling in late August 2020;[45] NASA's originally planned Touch-and-Go (TAG) sample collection was scheduled for 25 August 2020, but was rescheduled for 20 October 2020, at 22:13 UTC.[46][47] On 15 April 2020, the first sample collection rehearsal was successfully performed at the Nightingale sample site. The exercise took OSIRIS-REx as close as Template:Cvt from the surface before performing a back-away burn.[48][49] A second rehearsal was successfully completed on 11 August 2020, bringing OSIRIS-REx down to Template:Cvt from the surface. This was the final rehearsal before the sample collection scheduled for 20 October 2020, at 22:13 UTC.[50][51]

At 22:13 UTC, on 20 October 2020, OSIRIS-REx successfully touched down on Bennu.[52] NASA confirmed via images taken during sampling that the sampler had made contact. The spacecraft touched down within Template:Cvt of the target location.[53][54] A sample of the asteroid which was estimated to weigh at least 2 ounces (57 grams) was collected by OSIRIS-REx following the touch down.[6] After imaging the TAGSAM head, NASA concluded that there were rocks wedged in the mylar flap that is meant to keep the sample inside, causing the sample to slowly escape into space.[55] In order to prevent further loss of the sample through the flaps, NASA canceled the previously planned spinning maneuver meant to determine the mass of the sample as well as a navigational braking maneuver, and decided to stow the sample on 27 October 2020 rather than 2 November 2020 as originally planned, which was completed successfully. The collector head was observed hovering over the Sample Return Capsule (SRC) after the TAGSAM arm moved it into the proper position for capture, and the collector head was later secured onto the capture ring in the SRC.[55]

When the head was seated into the Sample-Return Capsule's capture ring on 28 October 2020, the spacecraft performed a "backout check", which commanded the TAGSAM arm to back out of the capsule. This maneuver is designed to tug on the collector head and ensure that the latches – which keep the collector head in place – are well secured. Following the test, the mission team received telemetry confirming that the head was properly secured in the Sample-Return Capsule. Thereafter, on 28 October 2020, two mechanical parts on the TAGSAM arm were disconnected – these are the tube that carried the nitrogen gas to the TAGSAM head during sample collection and the TAGSAM arm itself. Over the next several hours, the mission team commanded the spacecraft to cut the tube that stirred up the sample through the TAGSAM head during sample collection, and separate the collector head from the TAGSAM arm. Once the team confirmed these activities were done, it commanded the spacecraft on 28 October 2020, to close and seal the Sample-Return Capsule, the final step of the sample stowage process of Bennu's samples.[56] To seal the SRC, the spacecraft closed the lid and then secured two internal latches. On inspecting images, it was observed that a few particles had escaped from the collector head during the stowage procedure, but it was confirmed that no particles would hinder the stowage process, since the team was confident that a plentiful amount of material remained inside of the head, more than the Template:Cvt needed, and as much as Template:Cvt. The sample of Bennu was safely stored and ready for its journey to Earth. With the collector head secure inside the SRC, pieces of the sample would no longer be lost.[57]

The successful October 2020 sample collection, showing OSIRIS-REx touching down on the Nightingale sample site
Sample collection as seen by the navigation camera (00:47; October 20, 2020)
Images of the TAGSAM head showing that it is full of rocks and dust collected from Bennu and that it is leaking material into space
OSIRIS-REx successfully stows its sample of asteroid Bennu in October 2020.

Sample return

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Two members of the recovery team examine the return capsule after landing
Expected landing area of return capsule in Utah

The OSIRIS-REx team prepared the spacecraft for the next phase of the mission, the return cruise to Earth.[58][59] On 7 April 2021, OSIRIS-REx completed its final flyover of Bennu and began slowly drifting away from the asteroid.[60] On 10 May 2021, OSIRIS-REx departed the Bennu vicinity and began its two-year journey to Earth with the asteroid sample.[61]

After separating from the spacecraft, on 24 September 2023 at about 8:42 a.m. MDT (UTC−06:00), the OSIRIS-REx return capsule re-entered Earth's atmosphere. At 8:52 a.m MDT (UTC−06:00) the OSIRIS-REx return capsule landed at Utah Test and Training Range, three minutes earlier than predicted.[62][63] At 10:15 a.m. MDT (UTC-06:00), the capsule left the landing site by helicopter. The sample will be curated at NASA's Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Directorate (ARES) and at Japan's Extraterrestrial Sample Curation Center.[63][64] Asteroid sample material requests will be considered and distributed to organizations worldwide by ARES.[11]

The spacecraft maneuvered to a trajectory away from Earth after separation for its extended mission to Apophis in 2029 called OSIRIS-APEX.[65]

Extended mission

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Animation of OSIRIS-REx around Sun - Extended mission
  OSIRIS-REx ·    99942 Apophis ·   Earth ·   Sun

On 25 April 2022, NASA confirmed that the mission would be extended. After dropping off its sample to Earth on 24 September 2023, the mission became OSIRIS-APEX ('APophis EXplorer').[65] As its new name suggests, its next target will be the near-Earth asteroid (and potentially hazardous object) 99942 Apophis. Apophis will make an extremely close pass to the Earth on 13 April 2029. Observations of Apophis will commence on 8 April 2029, and a few days later, on 21 April, OSIRIS-APEX is planned to rendezvous with the asteroid.[66] OSIRIS-APEX will orbit Apophis for around 18 months in a regime similar to that at Bennu. The spacecraft will perform a maneuver, similar to sample collection at Bennu, by using its thrusters to disturb Apophis's surface, in order to expose and spectrally study the subsurface and the material beneath it.[4]

Name

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OSIRIS-REx and OSIRIS-APEX are acronyms, and each letter or combination of letters relates to part of the respective projects:[67]

  • O – Origins
  • SI – Spectral Interpretation
  • RI – Resource Identification
  • S – Security
  • REx – Regolith Explorer
  • APEX – Apophis Explorer

Each of these words was chosen to represent an aspect of this mission.[67] For example, the S, for security means the security of Earth from hazardous NEOs.[67] Specifically it refers to better understanding the Yarkovsky effect, that changes the trajectory of the asteroid.[67] Regolith Explorer means that the mission will study the texture, morphology, geochemistry, and spectral properties of the regolith of asteroid Bennu while Apophis Explorer corresponds to the study of Apophis asteroid.[67]

When its heritage concept was proposed in the Discovery Program in 2004, it was called only OSIRIS, with REx for "Regolith Explorer" used descriptively rather than as part of the name.[68] This mission is also sometimes called New Frontiers 3, for it being the third of the New Frontiers program missions.[68][69]

The acronym OSIRIS was chosen in reference to the ancient mythological Egyptian god Osiris, the underworld lord of the dead. Dante Lauretta, deputy PI of the mission, was called "a mythology buff" by the mission PI Michael Drake: "he was doodling on a pad and trying to capture the principal themes of what we are trying to do with this mission study life origins, identify resources, planetary security in the form of asteroid deflection and he realized he got the name of Osiris out of that, an ancient god of Egypt who may have been one of the first pharaohs."[70][71]

Science objectives

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Sample Return Capsule Exploded View

The science objectives of the mission are:[72]

  • Return and analyze a sample of pristine carbonaceous asteroid regolith in an amount sufficient to study the nature, history, and distribution of its constituent minerals and organic compounds
  • Map the global properties, chemistry, and mineralogy of a primitive carbonaceous asteroid to characterize its geologic and dynamic history and provide context for the returned samples
  • Document the texture, morphology, geochemistry, and spectral properties of the regolith at the sampling site in situ at scales down to millimeters
  • Measure the Yarkovsky effect (a thermal force on the object) on a potentially hazardous asteroid and constrain the asteroid properties that contribute to this effect
  • Characterize the integrated global properties of a primitive carbonaceous asteroid to allow for direct comparison with ground-based telescopic data of the entire asteroid population

Telescopic observations have helped define the orbit of 101955 Bennu, a near-Earth object (NEO) with a mean diameter in the range of Template:Cvt.[73] It completes an orbit of the Sun every 436.604 days (1.2 years). This orbit takes it close to the Earth every six years. Although the orbit is reasonably well known, scientists continue to refine it. It is critical to know the orbit of Bennu because recent calculations produced a cumulative probability of 1 in 1410 (or 0.071%) of impact with Earth from 2169 to 2199.[74] One of the mission objectives is to refine understanding of non-gravitational effects (such as the Yarkovsky effect) on this orbit, and the implications of those effects for Bennu's collision probability. Knowing Bennu's physical properties will be critical for future scientists to understand when developing an asteroid impact avoidance mission.[75]

Specifications

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3D model of OSIRIS-REx
OSIRIS-REx instrument deck

Instruments

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In addition to its telecommunication equipment, the spacecraft carries a suite of instruments to image and analyze the asteroid on many wavelengths,[77] and retrieve a physical sample to return to Earth. The Planetary Society coordinated a campaign to invite interested persons to have their names or artwork on the mission's spirit of exploration saved on a microchip now carried in the spacecraft.[78]

OCAMS

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Imaging camera suite

The OSIRIS-REx Camera Suite (OCAMS) consists of the PolyCam, the MapCam, and the SamCam.[77] Together, they acquire information on asteroid Bennu by providing global mapping, sample site reconnaissance and characterization, high-resolution imaging, and records of the sample acquisition.[79]

  • PolyCam, an Template:Cvt telescope, acquired visible-light images with increasingly higher resolution on approach the asteroid and high-resolution surface images from orbit
  • MapCam searches for satellites and outgassing plumes. It maps the asteroid in four blue, green, red and near infrared channels, and informs the model of Bennu's shape and provides high resolution imaging of the potential sample sites
  • SamCam continuously documents the sample acquisitions

OVIRS

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OVIRS

The OSIRIS-REx Visible and IR Spectrometer (OVIRS) is a spectrometer which maps minerals and organic substances on the asteroid's surface.[77] It provides full-disc asteroid spectral data at 20 m resolution. It maps blue to near-infrared, 400–4300 nm, with a spectral resolution of 7.5–22 nm.[80] This data will be used in concert with OTES spectra to guide sample-site selection. The spectral ranges and resolving powers are sufficient to provide surface maps of carbonates, silicates, sulfates, oxides, adsorbed water and a wide range of organic compounds.[citation needed]

OTES

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OTES

The OSIRIS-REx Thermal Emission Spectrometer (OTES) provides thermal emission spectral maps and local spectral information of candidate sample sites in the thermal infrared channel covering 4–50 µm, again to map mineral and organic substances.[77] The wavelength range, spectral resolution, and radiometric performance are sufficient to resolve and identify silicates, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, oxides, and hydroxide minerals. OTES is also used to measure the total thermal emission from Bennu in support of the requirement to measure emitted radiation globally.[citation needed]

Based on the performance of Mini-TES in the dusty surface environment of Mars, OTES was designed to be resilient to extreme dust contamination on the optical elements.[citation needed]

REXIS

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The Regolith X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (REXIS) will provide an X-ray spectroscopy map of Bennu to map element abundances.[77] REXIS is a collaborative development by four groups within Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University, with the potential to involve more than 100 students throughout the process. REXIS is based on flight heritage hardware, thereby minimizing elements of technical risk, schedule risk, and cost risk.[81]

REXIS is a coded aperture soft X-ray (0.3–7.5 keV) telescope that images X-ray fluorescence line emission produced by the absorption of solar X-rays and the solar wind with elements in the regolith of Bennu leading to local X-ray emissions. Images are formed with 21 arcminute resolution (4.3 m spatial resolution at a distance of 700 m). Imaging is achieved by correlating the detected X-ray image with a 64×64 element random mask (1.536 mm pixels). REXIS will store each X-ray event data in order to maximize the data storage usage and to minimize the risk. The pixels will be addressed in 64×64 bins and the 0.3–7.5 keV range will be covered by five broad bands and 11 narrow line bands. A 24-second resolution time tag will be interleaved with the event data to account for Bennu rotation. Images will be reconstructed on the ground after downlink of the event list. Images are formed simultaneously in 16 energy bands centered on the dominant lines of abundant surface elements from O-K (0.5 keV) to Fe-Kß (7 keV) as well the representative continuum. During orbital phase 5B, a 21-day orbit 700 m from the surface of Bennu, a total of at least 133 events/asteroid pixel/energy band are expected under 2 keV; enough to obtain significant constraints on element abundances at scales larger than 10 m.[citation needed]

On 11 November 2019, during observing the asteroid with REXIS, university students and researchers involved in the mission accidentally discovered an X-ray burst from a black hole named MAXI J0637-430 located 30,000 light-years away.[82]

OLA

[edit]

The OSIRIS-REx Laser Altimeter (OLA) is a scanning and lidar instrument that will provide high resolution topographical information throughout the mission.[77] The information received by OLA creates global topographic maps of Bennu, local maps of candidate sample sites, ranging in support of other instruments, and support navigation and gravity analyses.[citation needed]

OLA scans the surface of Bennu at specific intervals to rapidly map the entire surface of the asteroid to achieve its primary objective of producing local and global topographic maps. The data collected by OLA will also be used to develop a control network relative to the center of mass of the asteroid and to enhance and refine gravitational studies of Bennu.[citation needed]

OLA has a single common receiver and two complementary transmitter assemblies that enhance the resolution of the information brought back. OLA's high-energy laser transmitter is used for ranging and mapping from Template:Cvt. The low-energy transmitter is used for ranging and imaging from Template:Cvt. The repetition rate of these transmitters sets the data acquisition rate of OLA. Laser pulses from both the low and high energy transmitters are directed onto a movable scanning mirror, which is co-aligned with the field of view of the receiver telescope limiting the effects of background solar radiation. Each pulse provides target range, azimuth, elevation, received intensity and a time-tag.[citation needed]

OLA was funded by the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) and was built by MDA at Brampton, Ontario, Canada.[83] OLA was delivered for integration with the spacecraft on 17 November 2015.[84] The lead instrument scientist of OLA is Michael Daly from York University.[85]

TAGSAM

[edit]
Main article: TAGSAM
TAGSAM arm test before launch

The sample-return system, called Touch-And-Go Sample Acquisition Mechanism (TAGSAM), consists of a sampler head with an articulated Template:Cvt arm.[17][77] An on-board nitrogen source will support up to three separate sampling attempts for a minimum total amount of Template:Cvt of sample. The surface contact pads will also collect fine-grained material.[citation needed]

Highlights of the TAGSAM instrument and technique include:

  • Relative approach velocity of Template:Cvt[86]
  • Contact within Template:Cvt of selected location
  • OCAMS documents sampling at 1 Hz
  • Collect samples in less than five seconds, direct nitrogen (N2) annular jet fluidizes regolith, surface-contact pad captures surface sample
  • Verify bulk sample collection via spacecraft inertia change; surface sample by imaging sampler head
  • Sampler head stored in sample-return capsule and returned to Earth

Cooperation with JAXA

[edit]

Hayabusa2 is a similar mission from JAXA to collect samples from near-Earth asteroid 162173 Ryugu. It arrived at the asteroid in June 2018, left in November 2019 after two successful sample collections, and returned to Earth in December 2020. The recovery capsule of Hayabusa2 re-entered Earth atmosphere and landed in Australia, as planned, on 5 December 2020. The sample contents will be extensively analyzed, including water content which will provide clues on the initial formation of the asteroid. The main module of Hayabusa2 is performing a swing-by procedure to "push" it onward to its next destination, asteroid 1998KY26. Due to the similarity and overlapping timelines of the two missions (OSIRIS-REx was still in the return phase), NASA and JAXA signed an agreement to collaborate on sample exchange and research.[87][88] The two teams visited each other, with representatives from JAXA visiting the OSIRIS-REx Science Operations Center at the University of Arizona, and members of the OSIRIS-REx team traveling to Japan to meet with the Hayabusa2 team.[89][90] The teams are sharing software, data, and techniques for analysis, and will eventually exchange portions of the samples that are returned to Earth.[91][92]

OSIRIS-REx II

[edit]

OSIRIS-REx II was a 2012 mission concept to replicate the original spacecraft for a double mission, with the second vehicle collecting samples from the two moons of Mars, Phobos and Deimos. It was stated that this mission would be both the quickest and least expensive way to get samples from the moons. Mars I and II are now the aims of another mission, led by JAXA, called MMX and to be launched in 2024.[93][94][95]

[edit]
  • Narrated tour of Bennu's most prominent surface features, as seen by OSIRIS-REx
  • Effects of OSIRIS-REx sampling attempt on Bennu
  • Earth–Moon system during an engineering test (January 2018)
    Earth–Moon system during an engineering test (January 2018)
  • First images of asteroid Bennu (August 2018).
    First images of asteroid Bennu (August 2018).
  • Asteroid Bennu from Template:Cvt away (29 October 2018)
    Asteroid Bennu from Template:Cvt away (29 October 2018)
  • Earth-Moon (lower left) and asteroid Bennu (upper right) (December 2018)[96]
    Earth-Moon (lower left) and asteroid Bennu (upper right) (December 2018)[96]
  • The Sample Return Capsule (SRC) with asteroid Bennu in the background (December 2019)
    The Sample Return Capsule (SRC) with asteroid Bennu in the background (December 2019)
  • The "Nightingale" sample site pictured before and after the sampling maneuver.
    The "Nightingale" sample site pictured before and after the sampling maneuver.

See also

[edit]
  • [[Archivo:
  1. REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:Iconos|20px|Ver el portal sobre Spaceflight]] Portal:Spaceflight. Contenido relacionado con Astronomy.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Brown, Dwayne; Neal-Jones, Nancy (31 March 2015). "NASA's OSIRIS-REx mission passes critical milestone" (Press release). NASA. Release 15-056. Retrieved 4 April 2015. Template:PD-notice

    Chang, Kenneth (5 September 2016). "NASA aims at an asteroid holding clues to the Solar system's roots". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
    Corum, Jonathan (8 September 2016). "NASA launches the Osiris-Rex spacecraft to asteroid Bennu". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
    Chang, Kenneth (8 September 2016). "The Osiris-Rex spacecraft begins chasing an asteroid". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  2. ^ Miller, Katrina (24 September 2023). "A NASA Spacecraft Comes Home With an Asteroid Gift for Earth - The seven-year OSIRIS-REX mission ended on Sunday [9/23/2023] with the return of regolith from the asteroid Bennu, which might hold clues about the origins of our solar system and life. + comment". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
  3. ^ "OSIRIS-REx mission selected for concept development" (Press release). NASA. Archived from the original on 6 June 2012. Template:PD-notice
  4. ^ a b c "NASA gives green light for OSIRIS-REx spacecraft to visit another asteroid". University of Arizona News. 25 April 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  5. ^ a b Chang, Kenneth (3 December 2018). "NASA's Osiris-Rex Arrives at Asteroid Bennu After a Two-Year Journey". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  6. ^ a b "NASA's OSIRIS-REx spacecraft collects significant amount of asteroid". NASA. 23 October 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  7. ^ Chang, Kenneth (20 October 2020). "Seeking Solar system's secrets, NASA's OSIRIS-REX mission touches Bennu asteroid". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 October 2020. The spacecraft attempted to suck up rocks and dirt from the asteroid, which could aid humanity's ability to divert one that might slam into Earth.
  8. ^ Greshko, Michael (29 October 2020). "NASA's OSIRIS-REx secures asteroid sample after surprise leak". National Geographic. Retrieved 3 November 2020. The spacecraft grabbed so much of the asteroid Bennu, its sample-collection device got jammed. Now the material is safe and sound.
  9. ^ Wall, Mike (31 October 2020). "NASA's OSIRIS-REx probe successfully stows space-rock sample". Scientific American. Retrieved 3 November 2020. The spacecraft will deliver the pristine material from asteroid Bennu back to Earth in 2023.
  10. ^ Chang, Kenneth (10 May 2021). "Bye-Bye, Bennu: NASA Heads Back to Earth With Asteroid Stash in Tow – The OSIRIS-REX mission will spend two years cruising home with space rock samples that could unlock secrets of the early solar system". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  11. ^ a b "OSIRIS-REx". Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Directorate. NASA. Retrieved 25 September 2023. Template:PD-notice
  12. ^ OSIRIS-REx factsheet (PDF). Explorers and Heliophysics Projects Division. ehpd.gsfc.nasa.gov (Report). Goddard SFC: NASA. August 2011. Template:PD-notice
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